Efficacy of Citicoline Eye Drops 2% on Visual Field Preservation in Patients With Open Angle Glaucoma

Background: Primary open angle glaucoma (OAG) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease where intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main and successfully treatable risk factor. Although the treatment effect is quite large, a significant proportion of patients show disease progression with apparently well controlled IOP. Given the similarities with other neurodegenerative diseases - particularly in the mechanisms of cell death - neuroprotective treatments have been tested also in glaucoma. Interesting results from experimental studies and first evidence from human glaucoma trials have been published in recent years.

Citicoline is one of the promising molecules with a putative neuroprotective action and has been evaluated in patients with various neurodegenerative diseases with encouraging results. The mechanism of action of citicoline is multifarious and includes preservation of cardiolipin and sphingomyelin, restoration of phosphatidylcholine, stimulation of glutathione synthesis, lowering of glutamate concentration, rescuing mitochondrial function, and others. Pilot studies on glaucomatous patients showed a possible effect of citicoline as additive therapy in the treatment of glaucoma, in reducing progression of visual field changes, in protecting retinal nerve fiber layers and in improving vision related Quality of Life (QoL), though these findings are yet to be confirmed by a large randomized clinical trial.

Inclusion criteria

• Signed written informed consent.
• Age ≥ 18 years.
• Eyes with OAG, Pseudoexfoliation and pigmentary glaucoma will be included.
• Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) ≥ 0.5 for the study eye.
• Controlled IOP (≤ 18 mmHg, average of the last 3 measurements in the clinic) in the study eye.
• Visual field MD not worse than -12 dB at the latest assessment in the clinic for the study eye.
• Deteriorating MD at a rate between -0.5 dB/year and -1.0 dB/year, estimated from the latest VF tests collected in the clinic (at least 4) over a period during which incisional glaucoma surgery was not performed. Combinations of SITA Standard and Fast strategies (but not SITA Faster) is admissible. Patients who reach the desired minimum number of tests (4) with a mixture of SITA Standard/Fast and SITA Faster tests will need to perform additional replacement tests according to the prevalent strategy used in their series of VF (i.e. additional SITA Standard/Fast tests if ≤ 2 tests were SITA Faster; additional SITA Faster if > 2 tests were SITA Faster).
• Glaucoma definition will be based on VF damage (24-2, any SITA strategy) and spatially congruent glaucomatous changes at the ONH. If both eyes are eligible, the eye with the better MD will be chosen as the study eye.
• Women of childbearing potential willing to use an appropriate method of contraception.

Exclusion criteria

• Cataract in the study eye which, in the opinion of the clinician, may require cataract surgery within the next three years.
• Only-eye patients (visual acuity < 0.1 decimals in one eye or more than two paracentral VF locations with a sensitivity of < 10 dB).
• Known intolerance or allergy to any of the components in the eye drops.
• Diode laser treatment or glaucoma surgery in the past 2 years or cataract surgery within the last 6 months in the study eye.
• Eyes with any type of glaucoma other than primary, pseudoexfoliative or pigmentary OAG.
• Patients with other ocular or systemic comorbidities that, in the opinion of the Investigator, might affect the VF or the execution of the test.
• Patients already on topical or systemic citicoline treatment.
• Patients taking other systemic or topical potential neuroprotectors competing with citicoline eye drops 2% (a list will be provided) unwilling to suspend these treatments and undergo a washout period of 6 months prior to the study.
• Patients unable to perform reliable VF tests, based on the assessment of the last 4 available 24-2 Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) VF tests performed in the clinic with a false positive rate (FP) ≤ 15%.
• Pregnant and nursing patients.