Efficacy of Artesunate + Amodiaquine Versus Artemether-lumefantrine for Falciparum Malaria in Zanzibar, 2005

All children in the right age group presenting with clinical signs of malaria at the study site were considered possible study subjects. The guardians of these children were informed about the study orally in Swahili according to the informed consent form. Those who were not willing to participate in the study were treated according to local standard procedure.

On day 0 the patient was tested for parasites using light microscopy on Giemsa stained blood films. A detailed clinical history and a clinical examination including an axillary temperature was assessed. Haemoglobin was assessed and blood samples were collected on filter paper for each child for genotyping of the parasites as well as for possible determination of blood levels of different antimalarial drugs.

The guardian was asked to bring their child back to the study site on day 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42. If they failed to do so they were visited in their homes to assure proper follow-up. At each follow-up the investigator asked about concomitant medication and adverse events, carefully filling out the clinical report form (CRF).

If, during the follow-up between day 14 and 42, a child previously enrolled in the study presented with fever, all tests and examinations were run as on day 0. If the child was clinically and parasitologically diagnosed with malaria again, he was treated as a new infection. If diagnosed with severe malaria during the follow-up period the patient was given rescue treatment (oral or intravenous Quinine) and withdrawn from the study. Each time an enrolled child presented at the site the CRF was completed with regards to clinical and laboratory status, treatment given and possible adverse events.

Clinical and laboratory assessments included:

Malaria smear: Giemsa stained thick blood films examined using electrical or sunlight microscope at the study site by an experienced microscopist. The number of parasites were calculated as the number of parasites seen against 200 leucocytes in the thick blood film and recorded in the CRF for the correct occasion. The slides were stored for quality controls double-check (10% of all slides) centrally.

Haemoglobin: Haemoglobin levels were measured by the HaemoCue™ method using blood samples collected on cuvettes. The Hb levels were recorded in the CRF for each occasion.

Full Blood Picture (FBP) and Liver Function Test (LFT): FBP and LFT were performed in the Kivunge Study Site sub-population only (GLP Sub Study). FBP was obtained using the Cell-Dyn 1700™ Haematology Analyser (Abbott Laboratories, USA). LFT, including ALT, AST, Gamma-GT, albumin and bilirubin, was obtained using the BTS-310™ Photometer UV-VIS (BioSystems, Spain).

Temperature and Clinical history: A medical doctor/officer measured the patient's axillary temperature using an electronic thermometer and took a detailed clinical history as well as performed a clinical examination.

PCR Filter paper sample: Blood samples were collected on Whatman FTA filter papers. When dry, each filter paper sample was stored in separate plastic bags at -20ºC (Kivunge) or +4ºC (Micheweni) until regularly transferred to Kivunge for -20ºC long term storage.

HPLC samples (Kivunge only): Approximately 5ml of venous blood was drawn from each patient on days 0 and 7 for FBP and LFT tests. In the ASAQ group 100 µl of this blood was collected on special filter papers for high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of amodiaquine levels. In the AL group 100 µl of plasma (separated by centrifugation at >3000rpm for 10min) was collected on special filter papers for HPLC analysis of lumefantrine levels. All remaining (minimum 2ml) of plasma was collected and kept at -20ºC as a back-up.

Molecular analyses: PCR genotyping of merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2), considered the most informative single genetic marker for multiplicity of P. falciparum infections, was performed to differentiate reinfections from true recrudescence. Paired PCR results were compared between day 0 and at the time of recurrent parasitaemia from day 14 up to day 42. The outer conserved region of the polymorphic repetitive block 3 of msp2 was amplified in an initial reaction followed by two nested reactions with oligonucleotide primers specific for the two allelic families FC27 and IC/3D7, using a standard protocol. The pfmdr1 Y86N and pfcrt K76T genes' Single Nucleotide Proteins (SNPs) analysis was done according to established AluI restriction-based PCR-RFLP protocols. All molecular analyses were performed at the Malaria Research Unit, KI, Sweden.

Inclusion criteria

• Weight ≥5kg
• No general danger signs or severe malaria present (see 4.4.2.1 & 4.4.2.2)
• History of fever within 24 hours OR axillary temperature ≥ 37.5Cº
• No other cause of fever is detectable
• No severe malnutrition
• Patient has parasite counts between 2000-200,000/ul (50-5000/200 white blood cells)
• Guardian/Patient has understood the procedures of the study and is willing to participate
• Patient able to come for stipulated follow up visits and has easy access to the Study Site

Exclusion criteria

General Danger Signs and Complications:

• Not able to drink or breastfeed
• Vomiting everything
• Recent history of convulsions
• Lethargic or unconscious
• Unable to sit or stand (as appropriate for age)
• History of allergy to test drugs
• History of intake of any drugs other than paracetamol and aspirin within 3 days

Signs of Severe Malaria:

• Altered consciousness
• Repeated convulsions
• Inability of oral intake
• Severe anaemia (Hb <5gm/dl)
• Difficulty in breathing (pulmonary oedema, Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
• Shock (small pulse, cold extremities)
• Hypoglycaemia
• Haemoglobinuria (dark coloured urine or Coca-Cola urine)
• Kidney failure (little or no urine in a well-hydrated patient)
• Jaundice (yellow colouring of eyes)
• Hyperpyrexia (temperature above 39.5ºC) in combination with other signs
• Hyperparasitaemia (more than 5% red blood cells parasitized or >200,000 parasites/µl)
• Spontaneous bleeding (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)