Efficacy of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Related Constipation

Age, sex, duration of disease, and equivalent daily dose of levodopa were assessed at baseline. From the beginning of the baseline phase to the end of the follow-up phase, patients were requested to complete an electronic bowel diary, which was supervised by an independent outcome assessor. The primary outcome in this study was the number of weekly CSBMs. Weekly CSBMs were collected at baseline (week 0), post-treatment (week 4), and follow-up (week 12), and differences from baseline levels were compared at week 4 and week 12. Anorectal manometry (AM) and colonic transit time (TT) were assessed in the two groups using standardized procedures. In brief, for TT evaluation, patients swallowed a capsule containing 24 radiopaque markers. Abdominal radiographs from patients in the erect posture were acquired 5 days after markers intake. During the test period, patients were instructed to maintain their habitual diet and to avoid laxatives, enema and suppositories. According to manufacturer's indications, the TT was described as "normal" if at least 19 markers (80%) were expelled at day 5. The AM was performed using the stationed pull-through technique, with a 4-channel water-perfused catheter linked to an electronic manometer. The catheter was inserted via the anal canal and positioned in the rectum, with the patient in a left-lateral decubitus position. Functional parameters included the resting and squeeze pressures, the ability of the anal sphincter to relax with straining, the recto-anal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) and the rectal sensation.

Inclusion criteria

• A diagnosis of PD (according to the Movement Disorder Society's revised clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease in 2015) and functional constipation (according to the Rome IV diagnostic criteria) ;
• Age between 35 and 80 years;
• Hoehn-Yahr grade ≤ 3;
• No medications taken within 2 weeks that may affect gastrointestinal function (such as prucalopride and probiotics);
• No anticipation in other clinical trials within 1 month;
• Voluntary engagement in this study, ability to sign the informed consent, and cooperation in the completion of the bowel diary and scale filling.

Exclusion criteria

• Organic lesions of the digestive system (such as intestinal adhesions, obstructions, tumors, or malformations in the gastrointestinal tract);
• A history of abdominal or anorectal surgery that may affect intestinal transit, systemic diseases that may affect the dynamics of the digestive tract (such as diabetes and hyperthyroidism);
• Serious life-threatening diseases (such as severe cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumors);
• Skin lesions that were inappropriate for needling, the viscose allergy that prevented acupuncture device attachment;
• Pregnant or lactating women.