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NCT Number: NCT06259799

Efficacy of a Smart Water Bottle Intervention to Increase Fluid Consumption in College Students

Approximately 60% of males and 40% of females do not meet current fluid intake recommendations, which is associated with adverse health consequences such as obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Newer technologies have been designed to promote fluid intake. "Smart Water Bottles" use mHealth technology to capture fluid intake behaviors automatically and provide cues to encourage fluid consumption. Studies using Smart Water Bottles have helped some individuals increase fluid intake to help reduce kidney stone formation. However, limited research has assessed the efficacy of this technology on improving fluid intake in college students. College is a time with the potential to form healthy habits that carry into adulthood. Previous work has also identified daily changes in morning urine color, thirst perception, and body mass, as simple, inexpensive indicators of daily fluctuations in water balance. Tracking changes in these metrics has the potential to provide participants with evidence of adequate or inadequate fluid consumption. Thus, the combination of prompting from a smart water bottle, as well as daily self-monitoring changes in hydration status, may encourage college students to increase daily fluid consumption.

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Key information

Conditions

Dehydration Diabetes Insipidus Endocrine System Diseases Female Urogenital Diseases Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications Kidney Diseases Male Urogenital Diseases Metabolic Diseases Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases Pathologic Processes Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Pituitary Diseases Urogenital Diseases Urologic Diseases Water-Electrolyte Imbalance

Age range

18 year–35 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Kennesaw State University

Kennesaw, Georgia, 30144, United States

Location status: Recruiting

Location contact

Mitchell Zaplatosch, PhD

CONTACT

[email protected]

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Participants must report currently drinking less than the European Food Safety Authority Recommendations for fluid, as determined by an online pre-screening survey (<2.5 L per day for males; <2.0 L per day for females).
  • Has access to a cell phone which can download the app associated with the Smart Water Bottle.

Exclusion criteria

  • Currently trying to gain or lose weight
  • Have had surgery of the digestive tract
  • Currently taking diuretics (e.g., Thiazide, Loop diuretics or potassium-sparing diuretics)
  • Currently taking centrally-acting medications (e.g., anesthetics, anticonvulsants, central nervous system stimulants/amphetamines, muscle relaxants)
  • Report currently consuming at least the European Food Safety Authority Recommendations for fluid, as determined by an online pre-screening survey (>= 2.5 L per day for males, >=2.0 L per day for females).
  • Currently pregnant (females)

Treatment and study plan

Smart Water Bottle

Behavioral

Participants in the intervention group will receive a bottle which measures participant fluid consumption. The bottle will be set to recommend 2.5L for male participants and 2.0L for female participants, consistent with fluid intake recommendations from the European Food Safety Authority for each sex. Participants will be prompted by the bottle (bottle will light up) when they are behind on fluid intake recommendations. Participants will use a validated urine color chart, 9 point Likert scale for thirst, and measure nude body mass on their own each morning. Participants will be informed that higher values for nude body mass and thirst, and lower values for nude body mass each morning may indicate they are less hydrated day-to-day.

Primary outcomes

  1. Total Fluid Intake

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    Total Fluid Intake will be reported by participants for 3 days before and after the intervention using a validated fluid log. The average of 3-days of fluid recording will be used.

  2. Changes in 24h urine osmolality

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    Urinary osmolality reflects the concentration of urine, with higher values indicative of worse hydration. Urine osmolality will be collected for 3 days at the start and end of the study, with the average of each 3 day period used for analyses.

  3. Changes in 24h urine volume

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    Higher urine volume tends to correspond with greater fluid intake.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in urine color measured by validated urine color chart

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    A validated urine color will be used to rate urine samples. Higher values correspond with worse hydration.

  2. Changes in calorie intake from dietary log.

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    The ASA-24 is an electronic diet log participants will use to record their diet at the start and end of the study.

  3. Change in copeptin

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    Copeptin is a surrogate marker for vasopressin, a major fluid regulatory hormone which increases fluid conservation at the kidneys.

  4. Change in urine specific gravity

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    Measures the density of the urine.

  5. Change in body water distribution

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    Intracellular and extracellular water content measured via BIA.

  6. Change in Aldosterone

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    Fluid regulatory hormone involved in plasma volume regulation.

  7. Hydration KAB Scales

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention.

    Brief questionnaire assessing hydration knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about hydration and fluid intake behaviors.

  8. Change in body fat percentage

    Time frame: Pre and Post 2-week intervention

    Assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Study contacts

Contact information is provided by the study sponsor or research team.

Mitchell E Zaplatosch, PhD

CONTACT

[email protected]

4705787600

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Kennesaw State University

Other

Registry information

Important dates

Study start
2024
Primary completion
2025
Study completion
2026
First posted
Feb 14, 2024
Registry last updated
Sep 2, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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