Efficacy of 5-azacytidine Added to Standard Primary Therapy in Elderly Patients With Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Inclusion criteria

• Patients with newly diagnosed AML (except APL) according to the FAB or WHO classification, including AML evolving from MDS or other hematological diseases and AML after previous cytotoxic therapy or radiation (secondary AML).
• Bone marrow aspirate or biopsy must contain ≥ 20% blasts of all nucleated cells or differential blood count must contain ≥ 20% blasts. In AML FAB M6 ≥ 30% of non-erythroid cells in the bone marrow must be leukemic blasts. In AML defined by cytogenetic aberrations the proportion of blasts may be < 20%.
• Age ≥ 61 years
• Informed consent, personally signed and dated to participate in the study
• Male patients enrolled in this trial must use adequate barrier birth control measures during the course of the 5-azacytidine treatment and for at least 3 months after the last administration of 5-azacytidine.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients who are not eligible for standard chemotherapy as described in chapter 5.2 and 5.3
• Hyperleukocytosis (leukocytes > 20,000/µl) at study entry. These patients should be treated with hydroxyurea or receive leukocytapheresis treatment (if leukocytes > 100,000/µl) according to routine practice and entered into the study when leukocyte counts below 20,000/µl are reached. This applies only for the controlled part of the study.
• Patients with initial hyperleukocytosis above 20,000/µl can only be enrolled into the controlled part of the study, but not in the run-in dose finding part.
• Known central nervous system manifestation of AML
• Cardiac Disease: Heart failure NYHA class 3 or 4; unstable coronary artery disease (MI more than 6 months prior to study entry is permitted); serious cardiac ventricular arrhythmias requiring anti-arrhythmic therapy (beta blockers or digoxin are permitted)
• Chronically impaired renal function (creatinin clearance < 30 ml / min)
• Inadequate liver function (ALT and AST ≥ 2.5 x ULN) if not caused by leukemic infiltration
• Total bilirubin ≥ 1.5 x ULN if not caused by leukemic infiltration
• Known HIV and/or hepatitis C infection
• Evidence or history of severe non-leukemia associated bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy
• Evidence or recent history of CNS disease, including primary or metastatic brain tumors, seizure disorders
• Uncontrolled active infection
• Concurrent malignancies other than AML with an estimated life expectancy of less than two years
• History of organ allograft
• Hypersensitivity to cytarabine (not including drug fever or exanthema), daunorubicin, azacytidine or mannitol
• Previous treatment of AML except hydroxyurea and up to 2 days of ≤100 mg/m2/d cytarabine
• Previous therapy with 5-azacytidine (i.e. for an antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome)
• Patients with investigational drug therapy outside of this trial during or within 4 weeks of study entry should be discussed with the study office whether study participation is possible
• Any severe concomitant condition, which makes it undesirable for the patient to participate in the study or which could jeopardize compliance with the protocol