Efficacy of 0.05% Cyclosporine A Eye Drops Combined With Absorbable Tear Duct Plugs in the Treatment of Dry Eye in Sjögren's Syndrom

Participants meeting all eligibility criteria were enrolled and randomized to receive combined treatment (0.05% cyclosporine A plus absorbable punctal plug) in one eye and 0.05% cyclosporine A monotherapy in the contralateral eye. Eye allocation (left or right) was determined using block randomization with a fixed block size of two, implemented via an online randomization tool (www.sealedenvelope.com). The randomization sequence was generated in advance by an independent biostatistician who was not involved in patient care or data analysis.

Treatment allocation was concealed using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes (SNOSE), which were prepared by an independent biostatistician not involved in patient care or outcome assessment. At the time of enrollment, a study coordinator opened the next envelope in sequence to determine which eye would receive the combined treatment. The contralateral eye automatically received cyclosporine A monotherapy.

To maintain masking, the ophthalmologists responsible for outcome assessment (including ocular surface staining, tear film measurements, and in vivo confocal microscopy) were blinded to the treatment allocation. Participants were informed that both eyes would receive active treatment and were not informed of the specific allocation. The investigators performing plug insertion and administering cyclosporine A were not involved in any clinical evaluations.

A total of 30 patients with Sjögren's syndrome-associated dry eye (SSDE) were planned for enrollment. The sample size calculation was based on a paired-eye design, in which each participant served as their own control. The calculation assumed a two-sided significance level of 0.05 (α = 0.05) and a statistical power of 95% (β = 0.05), aiming to detect a clinically meaningful difference in ocular surface parameters (e.g., tear breakup time or symptom scores) between the two eyes. The estimated required sample size accounted for potential dropouts and was deemed sufficient to identify within-subject differences while minimizing variability due to inter-individual factors such as disease severity, lifestyle, and systemic autoimmune status.

Inclusion criteria

• The patients aged ≥18 years who had a confirmed diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS).
• Dry eye diagnosis required both subjective and objective criteria: participants presented with one or more ocular surface symptoms such as dryness, foreign body sensation, burning, fatigue, discomfort, redness, or fluctuating vision, with an Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score of ≥13; Noninvasive Tear Break-Up Time (NIBUT)≤10s and Schirmer I test≤ 5 mm/5 min
• voluntarily participate in this study and sign written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Any patient with structural abnormalities (eyelid scars, entropion, trichiasis, etc.);
• Patients with any inflammation or active structural changes in the iris or anterior chamber;
• Glaucoma;
• Patients who have undergone previous ophthalmic surgery or have undergone timely closure;
• Patients using any topical medications other than artificial tears, 0.1% flumirone eye drops, and 0.05% cyclosporine A eye drops;
• Patients who received any systemic or topical antibacterial or anti-inflammatory drug treatment 90 days before the start of the study;
• Patients wearing contact lenses;
• Patients with corneal infection;
• Corneal diseases (marginal ulcers, opacity, scars, bullous keratopathy, conjunctival laxity, eyelid ball adhesions or tumors);
• Pregnancy;
• Study the changes of immunosuppressive system treatment in the first 90 days.