Efficacy and Safety Study of Azilsartan Medoxomil Compared to Ramipril for Treating Essential Hypertension

A major component of blood pressure regulation is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a system of hormone-mediated feedback interactions that results in the relaxation or constriction of blood vessels in response to various stimuli. Angiotensin II, a polypeptide hormone, is formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme as part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Angiotensin II is the principal pressor agent of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with a myriad of effects on the cardiovascular system and on electrolyte homeostasis. Two receptors for angiotensin II have been identified. Angiotensin II type 1 receptors are located predominantly in vascular smooth muscle, where activation by angiotensin II results in vasoconstriction, hypertrophic proliferation, and inflammation. In contrast, stimulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptors by angiotensin II results in vasodilatation, antiproliferative effects that are opposite from those of angiotensin II type 1 receptor stimulation.

Drugs that modulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are used commonly worldwide for the treatment of hypertension. Of these, some block the synthesis of angiotensin II by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzymes, while others inhibit the action of angiotensin II by binding directly to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (called angiotensin II receptor blockers), thereby causing vasodilatation of blood vessels, resulting in a reduction in blood pressure. The effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers on other conditions in which the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a significant role, such as congestive heart failure, postmyocardial infarction management and diabetic nephropathy have also been investigated.

Although antihypertensive agents are effective at the appropriate dose, the majority have side effects that limit their use. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are commonly associated with cough and more rarely with angioedema. Beta-blockers are associated with fatigue and erectile dysfunction, calcium antagonists with peripheral edema and diuretics with metabolic complications. As a class, angiotensin II receptor blockers generally are considered more tolerable than other classes of hypertensive agents, although there is still a need for compounds with improved tolerability and efficacy for the treatment of hypertension.

TAK-491 (azilsartan medoxomil) is an angiotensin II receptor blocker with high affinity for, and selective antagonistic activity at, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and is being developed for clinical use as an antihypertensive agent.

Ramipril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor widely prescribed in Europe and Asia for the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.

This study is designed to compare the efficacy and safety/tolerability of azilsartan medoxomil and ramipril for the treatment of hypertension.

Participants in this study will be seen twice during the first month, then once a month for five months. Participants will also be required to fast for 8 hours prior to each visit to the study center. Total duration of study participation is 24-weeks, plus a safety follow up phone call after the study has ended.

Inclusion criteria

• Essential hypertension (sitting systolic blood pressure between 150 and 180 mm Hg, inclusive).
• A female participant of childbearing potential who is sexually active agrees to use adequate contraception from screening throughout the duration of the study, and cannot be pregnant.
• Has clinical laboratory evaluations (including clinical chemistry, hematology, and complete urinalysis) within the reference range for the testing laboratory at Screening or the results are deemed not clinically significant for inclusion into this study by the investigator.
• Is willing to discontinue current antihypertensive medications at Screening Day -21. If the participant is on amlodipine prior to screening, the participant is willing to discontinue this medication at Screening Day -28.

Exclusion criteria

• Has an systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure greater than 114 mmHg at Randomization.
• Is taking or expected to take an excluded medication including antihypertensive agents, insulin or other agents that alter blood pressure.
• Is hypersensitive to angiotensin II receptor blockers and/or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
• Has a recent history within the last 6 months of myocardial infarction, heart failure, unstable angina, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous coronary intervention, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accident, or transient ischemic attack.
• Has clinically significant cardiac conduction defects (eg, third-degree atrioventricular block, left bundle branch block, sick sinus syndrome, atrial fibrillation or flutter).
• Has hemodynamically significant left ventricular outflow obstruction due to aortic valvular disease.
• Has secondary hypertension of any etiology (eg, renovascular disease, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome).
• Is noncompliant (less than 70% or greater than 130%) with study medication during placebo run-in period.
• Has severe renal dysfunction or disease (based on calculated creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m² at Screening).
• Has known or suspected unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis.
• Has a history of drug or alcohol abuse within the past 2 years.
• Has a previous history of cancer that has not been in remission for at least 5 years prior to the first dose of study drug. (This criterion does not apply to those participants with basal cell or stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the skin).
• Has type 1 or poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (hemoglobin A1c greater than 8.0%) or is taking insulin.
• Has hyperkalemia as defined by the central laboratory normal reference range at Screening.
• Has an upper arm circumference less than 24 cm or greater than 42 cm.
• Works night (third) shift (defined as 11 PM to 7 AM).
• Has an alanine aminotransferase level at Screening of greater than 2.5 times the upper limit of normal, active liver disease, or jaundice.
• Is currently participating in another investigational study or has participated in an investigational study within 30 days prior to Screening.
• Has any other serious disease or condition at Screening or Randomization that would compromise participant's safety, might affect life expectancy, or make it difficult to successfully manage and follow the participant according to the protocol.
• Has been randomized in a previous azilsartan medoxomil study.