Effects of Whole-Body Vibration With Foot Core Exercises: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Design: randomized controlled, single-blind, parallel-group trial conducted at İstinye University Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Practice & Research Center. Eligible adults (18-35 years; BMI 25-39.9 kg/m²) able to stand barefoot ≥15 s single-leg and perform 5 repetitions of 60° knee-flexion squats without rest were enrolled. Stratified randomization (sex, BMI) with computer sequence (Research Randomizer) and sealed opaque envelopes allocated participants to: (1) Exercise Group (EG): progressive foot core exercises performed on a vibration platform with vibration OFF; (2) WBV-Combined Exercise Group (TEG): identical exercises WITH synchronous whole-body vibration (20-50 Hz; 15-60 s bouts) using a DKN Technology Xg-10 Pro device. Both groups completed 24 supervised sessions across 8 weeks (3×/week). A standardized warm-up/self-massage of the foot/ankle preceded exercises; progression targeted repetitions, active time, and (in TEG) vibration frequency.

Assessments were performed pre- and post-intervention in fixed order with rest intervals. Ankle inversion/eversion strength was measured using a J-Tech Commander Echo digital handheld dynamometer (kg-force). Balance and proprioception were quantified on the PROKIN computerized system (Limits of Stability; mCTSIB; single-leg balance; single-leg proprioception metrics including trunk total standard deviation and mean tracking error).

Statistical plan: normality by Shapiro-Wilk; parametric tests for normally distributed variables (paired t-test within groups; independent t-test between groups), Mann-Whitney U for non-normal age, chi-square for categorical variables; Cohen's d for effect size where within-group change was significant. Analyses in IBM SPSS 25.0. Sample size was estimated a priori for large effect (d=0.8), α=0.05, power=0.80 (planned n=26; 13/group). Post-hoc power for Limits of Stability change in TEG yielded d=0.96, power=0.87. No funding; no conflicts declared.

Inclusion criteria

• • Age 18-35 years; BMI 25.0-39.9 kg/m².

• Ability to stand barefoot on a firm surface ≥15 seconds single-leg (one attempt).
• Ability to perform 5 repetitions of 60° knee-flexion squat without needing rest.
• Turkish language proficiency for written and verbal communication.

Exclusion criteria

• Any medical history requiring regular physician follow-up.

• Musculoskeletal trauma within the past 12 months.
• Use within 48 h of medications affecting musculoskeletal performance.
• Prior surgery or residual deficits from previous trauma.
• Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy.
• Any reported contraindication to use of a vibration platform.
• During study: pain >3/10 on VAS; abnormal blood pressure responses during/after sessions; three consecutive absences; failure to meet progression criteria; incident illness/trauma; withdrawal request.