Effects of Stoma Education on Patients

Participant's adjustment to living with a stoma, assessed using a validated stoma adjustment scale at each follow-up. The Stoma Adjustment Scale is a psychosocial assessment tool developed to evaluate the extent to which individuals with stomas have adjusted to their new lives. The scale consists of numerous items that assess an individual's body image, social life, daily activities, ability to manage stoma care, and emotional adjustment, and is commonly used by stoma nurses and researchers. Items are scored using a Likert-type rating scale, and individuals are asked to indicate their level of agreement with each statement. Each item is generally scored from 1 to 6; a score of 1 indicates low adjustment, and a score of 6 indicates high adjustment. The scores of the items on the scale are added together to obtain a total adjustment score. A higher total score indicates better adjustment to the stoma and living with a stoma, while lower scores suggest that the individual may experience

Participant's perception and satisfaction with body image after stoma formation, measured using a standardized body image questionnaire. The Body Image Scale is a scale used to assess individuals' thoughts and feelings about their own body appearance. The scale consists of statements evaluating a person's level of satisfaction with their body, feelings of discomfort due to their appearance, self-confidence, and feelings about their body in social situations. The scale, comprising 10 items, is scored using a Likert-type scale, with each item rated between 0 and 3 (0: none, 1: somewhat, 2: quite, 3: very much). The scores obtained from the items are added together to obtain a total score between 0 and 30. A higher score indicates that the individual has more discomfort and negative perceptions regarding their body image; a lower score indicates a more positive body image.

Participant's confidence and ability to manage stoma care independently, assessed with a validated self-efficacy. The General Self-Efficacy Scale is a scale used to assess individuals' ability to cope with difficult situations and their belief in their ability to accomplish a specific task. The scale aims to measure an individual's problem-solving skills, willingness to overcome challenges, and self-confidence in achieving their goals. It is commonly used in health and psychology research to determine individuals' self-efficacy levels. The scale consists of 10 items and is scored using a Likert-type scale. Each item is rated on a scale of 1-4 (1: not at all correct, 2: somewhat correct, 3: fairly correct, 4: completely correct). The scores obtained from the items are added together to obtain a total score between 10-40. A high score indicates a high belief in self-efficacy and greater confidence in coping with challenges; a low score indicates a lower perception of self-efficacy.