Effects of Sailing and Cooing in the Quality of Life of Multiple Sclerosis Individuals

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by physical and cognitive impairments that significantly affect patients' quality of life. Common symptoms include fatigue, mobility limitations, cognitive difficulties, anxiety, depression, and social isolation. Exercise is widely recognized as beneficial for managing MS symptoms; however, participation in structured exercise programs remains low due to barriers such as fear, negative past experiences, or lack of interest.

This study aims to explore whether unstructured outdoor leisure activities, specifically sailing combined with head and neck cooling, can help reduce symptom severity and improve psychological states in individuals with MS. Outdoor leisure activities have demonstrated positive effects on psychological and emotional health by reducing depression, improving mood, and promoting social engagement. Sailing, which combines physical activity and social interaction, may enhance quality of life in people with MS. However, sensitivity to increases in body temperature is a known challenge for individuals with MS, as it can exacerbate symptoms and deter physical activity participation. Cooling strategies, such as head and neck cooling, have been used to help maintain thermal comfort and support symptom management.

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of daily head and neck cooling on MS symptoms and psychological well-being during a 7-day sailing trip (Oceans of Hope Challenge) in the Argosaronic Islands, Greece. Ethical approval was obtained from the Greek Multiple Sclerosis Society.

A total of 45 participants with relapsing-remitting MS will be randomly assigned to either a Cooling group or a Control group. The Cooling group will use head and neck cooling devices daily for a minimum of two hours during the sailing trip, while the Control group will participate without cooling interventions. Both groups will engage in daily sailing activities, navigation tasks, and island exploration.

Participants will complete three questionnaires before and after the trip: the Functional Assessment of MS Scale (FAMS) to assess quality of life, the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ-IV) to evaluate general well-being and symptom severity, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS-40) to assess mood states.

Statistical analyses will include two-way repeated measures ANOVA and independent t-tests to evaluate within- and between-group differences over time. The study is designed to determine whether integrating cooling strategies into outdoor leisure activities can reduce MS symptom severity, improve psychological well-being, and potentially encourage greater participation in therapeutic recreational activities.

Inclusion criteria

Were adults aged 18 years or older. Had a confirmed diagnosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) based on the 2017 McDonald criteria.

Had experienced no relapse within the past six months. Had an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score between 0 and 5.5, indicating the ability to walk at least 100 meters independently without assistance.

Had a documented history of heat sensitivity confirmed by their physician. Had not used any cooling therapy within at least four months prior to study participation.

Were fluent in English (for accurate completion of questionnaires and instructions).

Exclusion criteria

Used medications specifically prescribed to manage psychological MS-related symptoms (e.g., antidepressants, psychostimulants).

Had experienced an MS relapse within the past six months. Had an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score greater than 5.5 (unable to walk at least 100 meters independently).

Had no documented history of heat sensitivity related to MS. Had used any cooling therapies within four months prior to the study participation.

Were unable to understand or communicate fluently in English.

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