Effects of Resistance Training in Centenarians

Fried's frailty phenotype is based on five criteria (habitual gait speed, handgrip strength , involuntary weight loss, exhaustion and low physical activity). The score ranges from 0 to 5, where each criterion met counts as one point. A score of 0 indicates best status, while a score of 5 indicates worst status.

Frailty Trait Scale - Short Form evaluates 5 domains, including body mass index, physical activity, static balance, habitual gait speed and handgrip strength. The score ranges from 0 to 50, where each criterion met counts as one point. A score of 0 indicates best status, while a score of 50 indicates worst status.

Muscle power assessed in 30-s sit-to-stand test.

The Short Physical Performance Battery is based on the ability to stand with the feet together in the side-by-side, semi-tandem, and tandem positions, time to walk 4 meters, and time to rise from a chair and return to the seated position 5 times. The score ranges from 0 to 12 points. Higher scores indicate better physical function, while lower scores reflect poorer physical function.

The Physical Performance Mobility Examination includes six mobility tasks integral to daily life: bed mobility, transfer skills, multiple stands from chair, standing balance, step-up, and ambulation. The score ranges from 0 to 12 points. Higher scores indicate better physical function, while lower scores reflect poorer physical function.

Gait speed is measured in meters per second (m/s). Higher values indicate better mobility.

The Timed Up and Go test measures the time it takes participants to stand up, walk 3 meters, turn around, and sit back down. Shorter times reflect better mobility

Mini Mental State Examination questionnaire incorporates 11 items that measure attention and orientation, memory, registration, recall, calculation, language, and ability to draw a complex polygon, and results in scores ranging from 1 (lowest cognitive function) to 30 (highest cognitive function) points.

In the animal naming test, participants are asked to name as many animals as possible in 60 seconds. The higher number of correctly named reflects better cognitive function.

The score in the clock drawing test ranges from 0 to 10. This score evalutes visuospatial skills, executive functions, and the ability to follow instructions. Higher scores indicate better cognitive function.

EuroQoL-5D Index ranges from a value of 1 (best state of health) to 0 (death). Although there are negative values for the index, corresponding to those states of health that are valued as worse than death.

Visual Analog Scale evaluates self-reported quality of life on a vertical scale ranging from 0 (worst health) to 100 (best health). This score provides a subjective measure of the patient's perception of their current health status.

Maximum voluntary isometric strength in handgrip, knee extension, elbow flexion and should abduction, measured using a dynamometer.

The Barthel index is a 10-item questionnaire that provides information about the autonomy to cook food, wash, dress, groom, perform bowel movements and urination, go to the toilet, move from the bed to the chair, walk and climb stair. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater independence (best), and lower scores indicating higher levels of dependence in basic daily activities.

Measurement of physical activity levels (i.e., time spent in light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous intensity) by accelerometer 24 hours a day for seven consecutive days using a GENEActiv device worn on the non-dominant wrist.

The number of falls in the last year was registered.

Heart rate variability indices were derived from 10-minute resting recordings using a 12-lead Holter ECG. Both linear indices (time and frequency domains) and non-linear indices (detrended fluctuation ) were calculated from the ECG recording.

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure (calculated as diastolic pressure plus one-third of the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures).

The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is calculated by measuring systolic pressure in both ankles and both arms. The highest systolic pressure from the arms is used as a reference. The highest systolic pressure from each ankle is divided by this reference to obtain an ABI for each leg. The final ABI value is the lower of the two leg measurements.

Albumin concentration is measured in blood samples.

C-reactive protein concentration is measured in blood samples.

Inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) are measured in blood samples.

MicroRNAs associated with frailty (miR-194-5p, miR-125b-5p) are measured in blood samples.

Gene expressions of aging (ABLIM1, CCR7, LEF1, EGR1) are measured in blood samples.

The Brief Resilience Scale consists of 6 items designed to measure the ability to recover or "bounce back" from stress. The average score ranges from 1 to 5, and higher values indicate better resilience.