Effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Salt Chambers on Functional Efficiency, Respiratory Parameters, and Blood Rheology in Elderly With Respiratory Diseases.

This test involves wearing a nose peg and inhaling through a tube, performed in three trials.

This test involves wearing a nose peg and exhaling through a tube, performed in three trials.

The test consists of separate inhalations through the left and right nostrils, performed in five trials per nostril.

The 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is a standardized test used to assess functional exercise capacity. It measures the distance an individual can walk on a flat, hard surface in a period of six minutes

The Aggregation Index (AI), indicating the extent of red blood cell aggregation, is measured using the Lorrca Maxis (Laser-Assisted Optical Rotational Cell Analyzer) under standardized shear conditions.

(AI) analyzed

The half-time of total aggregation (T1/2), which reflects the time required for red blood cells to aggregate to 50% of their maximum value, is assessed using the Lorrca Maxis (Laser-Assisted Optical Rotational Cell Analyzer). This test measures the aggregation kinetics of erythrocytes under controlled shear stress, providing a quantitative assessment of the aggregation process.

The Elongation Index (EI), reflecting red blood cell deformability, is measured using the Lorrca Maxis (Laser-Assisted Optical Rotational Cell Analyzer), which evaluates the ability of erythrocytes to deform under varying shear stress.

The 4-Meters Gait Speed Test (4MGST) is a simple, widely used assessment tool to measure an individual's walking speed over a short, fixed distance. It is primarily used to evaluate mobility and functional performance, especially in elderly individuals.

The 15D is a comprehensive, generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) tool that measures an individual's overall health status. It includes 15 dimensions, covering aspects of physical, mental, and social well-being.Minimum Value: 0 (representing the worst possible health state)

Maximum Value: 1 (representing the best possible health state). Higher Scores indicate better health-related quality of life, reflecting higher levels of functioning and well-being across the 15 dimensions.

The assessment of chest mobility involves evaluating the range of motion (ROM) and the expansion of the chest during inspiration and expiration, performed in three trials.

The patient is instructed to reach with his dominant hand behind his head, over the shoulder, as if trying to scratch the back of their neck. The fingers should be pointing downward toward the spine.The distance between the fingers (or whether they touch) is measured to assess the flexibility and range of motion of the shoulder and upper back.

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by activated macrophages and monocytes. It plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses and is considered a key mediator in the pathophysiology of various chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious diseases.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by various cell types, including macrophages, T cells, B cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and skeletal muscle cells. It plays a key role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and metabolism.

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and apoptosis. It is produced primarily by activated macrophages, but also by T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and other immune and non-immune cells in response to infection, injury, or immune stimulation.

White Blood Cell Count - WBC [10⁹/l]

Represents the number of leukocytes in one liter of blood. WBCs play a crucial role in immune defense. Elevated levels may indicate infection, inflammation, physiological stress, or hematologic malignancies. Decreased levels can be associated with bone marrow suppression or immunodeficiency.

Red Blood Cell Count - RBC [10¹²/l]

Indicates the number of erythrocytes per liter of blood. RBCs are responsible for oxygen transport. Decreased levels suggest anemia; elevated levels may indicate dehydration or polycythemia.

Hemoglobin Concentration - HGB [g/dl]

Measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. It is a key indicator of oxygen-carrying capacity and a primary marker for diagnosing anemia.

Hematocrit - HCT [%]

Refers to the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells. Lower values are commonly seen in anemia; higher values may indicate dehydration or polycythemia.

Mean Corpuscular Volume - MCV [fl]

Reflects the average volume of individual erythrocytes. It helps to classify anemia as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin -MCH [pg]

Indicates the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell. It provides additional insight into the hemoglobin content in different types of anemia.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration - MCHC [g/dl]

Represents the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Decreased levels suggest hypochromia, commonly observed in iron deficiency anemia.

Platelet Count - PLT [10⁹/l]

Determines the number of platelets in one liter of blood. Platelets are essential for blood clotting. Thrombocytopenia increases bleeding risk, while elevated platelet counts may indicate inflammation or a prothrombotic state.

Reticulocytes [% or ‰]

Immature red blood cells that reflect bone marrow erythropoietic activity. Increased reticulocyte counts indicate active regeneration, commonly seen in response to anemia or blood loss.

C-Reactive Protein - CRP [mg/l]

An acute-phase protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Elevated CRP levels are a sensitive but non-specific marker of acute inflammation, infection, or tissue injury.

Fibrinogen

A coagulation factor and acute-phase reactant synthesized in the liver. Increased fibrinogen levels are observed during inflammation, infection, or trauma and may contribute to a hypercoagulable state.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate - ESR [mm/h]

A non-specific indicator of inflammation that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a vertical tube over one hour. Elevated ESR values are commonly found in infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies.

Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second [L] - FEV₁

FEV₁ represents the volume of air forcibly exhaled during the first second of a forced expiratory maneuver, starting from full lung inflation.

It is a key parameter in the assessment of airway obstruction and is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.

Lower FEV₁ values indicate narrowing of the airways or reduced lung function.

Forced Vital Capacity [L] - FVC

FVC is the total volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a full inspiration.

It reflects the elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall. FVC is used in conjunction with FEV₁ to assess restrictive and obstructive ventilatory patterns. A reduced FVC may suggest lung restriction, while a low FEV₁/FVC ratio typically indicates airway obstruction.

Peak Expiratory Flow [L/min] - PEF

PEF represents the maximum flow rate achieved during a forced expiratory maneuver.

It is a simple and reproducible indicator of large airway function and is often used in asthma monitoring, bronchodilator response testing, and occupational lung health assessments.

Reduced PEF may indicate airway narrowing, poor effort, or respiratory muscle weakness.

The bronchodilator reversibility test is performed to assess the responsiveness of the airways to bronchodilator medications, typically in patients suspected of having reversible airway obstruction, such as in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The test evaluates how spirometric values change following the administration of a bronchodilator (e.g., salbutamol or ipratropium), which relaxes smooth muscles and widens the airways.

The resting tongue posture refers to the position of the tongue when the body is at rest, without any active movements such as speaking, chewing, or swallowing. It plays a crucial role in oral and facial development, as well as in maintaining proper function of the airway.

The primary purpose of the 3-Day Food Diary is to accurately record the types and quantities of food and beverages consumed over the course of three consecutive days. It helps to:

Provide a snapshot of typical eating behaviors and meal patterns.

Identify potential nutritional deficiencies or imbalances.

Assess the relationship between diet and health outcomes in clinical studies