Effects of Preoperative Education on Anxiety and Emergence Agitation

This randomized controlled trial is designed to systematically evaluate the effect of structured preoperative education focused on the anesthesia emergence process on preoperative anxiety and postoperative emergence agitation in adult surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia. Emergence agitation is a common and clinically significant phenomenon in the immediate postoperative period and is associated with patient distress, safety risks, increased workload for healthcare professionals, and potential complications. Preoperative anxiety has been identified as a key modifiable risk factor contributing to emergence agitation; however, evidence-based educational interventions specifically targeting the emergence phase remain limited. The intervention consists of a standardized, nurse-led preoperative education program that provides patients with detailed information about the anesthesia emergence process. Educational content includes explanations of general anesthesia, endotracheal intubation and extubation procedures, the physical environment of the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), expected physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses during emergence, and the typical duration and monitoring of the recovery process. Education is delivered in a face-to-face individual session lasting approximately 10-15 minutes and is supported by a written patient education brochure to ensure consistency and comprehension. Participants will be adult patients (≥18 years) scheduled for elective general surgery under general anesthesia at a tertiary training and research hospital. Eligible patients who provide informed consent and meet inclusion criteria will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. Randomization will be performed using a computer-generated random sequence. The control group will receive routine perioperative verbal information in accordance with standard clinical practice, while the intervention group will receive routine care plus the structured emergence-focused education. Preoperative anxiety will be assessed on the day of surgery prior to anesthesia induction using the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS). Postoperative emergence agitation will be evaluated in the PACU using the Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) and the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). Agitation assessments will be conducted at 10-minute intervals during the first 30 minutes following admission to the PACU, and the highest recorded score will be used for analysis. Emergence agitation will be defined as a SAS score ≥5 and/or a RASS score ≥+1. The primary outcomes of the study are the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and preoperative anxiety levels. Secondary outcomes include maximum postoperative pain scores in the PACU, time to extubation, extubation quality, and length of stay in the PACU. Demographic, clinical, and perioperative variables will be collected using a structured patient information form.

Inclusion criteria

• Age 18 years or older
• Scheduled for elective general surgery under general anesthesia
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III
• Able to comprehend the educational intervention
• Willing and able to provide written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• History of neurological disorders, cognitive impairment, or dementia
• Severe psychiatric illness or current use of antipsychotic medications
• Alcohol or substance use disorder
• Sensory impairments (visual, hearing, or speech) that may interfere with communication