Effects of Oral Nicotine and Caffeine Pouches on Anaerobic Performance, Autonomic Function, Cognition, and Behavior

Inclusion criteria

• Being 21 to 40 years of age
• Being biologically male
• Having a body mass index (BMI) of < 30 kilograms/meter-squared
• Participating in moderate/vigorous exercise for at least 150 minutes/week over the last month

Exclusion criteria

• individuals who are younger than 21 or older than 40
• missing any limbs or part of a limb
• having any neuromuscular/musculoskeletal injury or impairment that would prevent performing any exercise/functional measures for this study
• having a pacemaker or any other electrical implant
• a diagnosis (defined as the presence of disease of or using medication to treat the disease) of heart failure, cardiomyopathy (dilated or hypertrophic), valvular disease, type I or type II diabetes
• taking insulin injections
• any history of severe or mild traumatic brain injury within the last two years
• kidney, liver, thyroid, or heart disease
• treated or untreated American Heart Association stage 2 hypertension (>140 millimeters of mercury / > 90 millimeters of mercury)
• any diagnosed neurological or neurodegenerative diseases
• having donated blood or plasma in the last 20 days prior to blood collection procedures
• taking any supplements/medications that may interfere with the results of the study
• any surgeries that would impact swallowing and/or digestion
• currently smoking, vaping, using e-cigarettes, or using any other combustible/smokeless tobacco products
• using smokeless tobacco-free nicotine products on more than 2 days/week
• daily caffeine use of more than 250 milligrams/day or use of any oral caffeine pouches
• have allergies or are regularly taking medications that would impact this study and/or negatively interact with caffeine or nicotine.