Effects of Music Therapy, Breathing Exercises, and Virtual Reality on Obstetric Recovery, Pain, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms After Cesarean Section

Cesarean section is a commonly performed surgical procedure used when vaginal delivery poses a risk to the mother or the infant. Although it has the potential to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality when performed for appropriate clinical indications, its use without medical necessity may increase short- and long-term health risks for both the mother and the infant. In recent years, the increasing rates of cesarean section globally and in Türkiye have made the optimization of post-cesarean recovery an important priority in obstetric care.

The recovery process following cesarean section involves multidimensional challenges, including postoperative pain, delayed gastrointestinal motility, reduced mobility, and emotional fluctuations. These factors may negatively affect maternal well-being, adaptation to newborn care, and adjustment to the postpartum period. Therefore, post-cesarean recovery should be addressed not only in terms of physiological healing but also in relation to patient-centered dimensions such as physical comfort, functional capacity, and psychosocial well-being.

Today, obstetric recovery is considered a multidimensional concept encompassing pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, functional independence, and emotional status. Patient-reported outcome measures developed in this context allow for a comprehensive evaluation of recovery after cesarean section.

Gastrointestinal dysfunction, which is one of the most common problems in the post-cesarean period, manifests as delayed gas passage and defecation, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and vomiting, and adversely affects the recovery process. This condition may prolong hospital stay and reduce maternal comfort.

In post-cesarean care, there is an increasing emphasis on non-pharmacological interventions that support the multidimensional nature of recovery, rather than focusing solely on pharmacological approaches. Although various methods such as acupuncture, aromatherapy, massage, and relaxation techniques have been reported in the literature, their applicability and scope of effectiveness may be limited.

In this study, music therapy, breathing exercises, and virtual reality applications were selected due to their safety, non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of integration into clinical practice. These interventions may contribute to the recovery process by influencing pain, stress response, and attention through different mechanisms (auditory, respiratory, and audiovisual stimulation).

Music therapy can reduce pain and anxiety by regulating emotional and physiological responses. Breathing exercises may enhance parasympathetic nervous system activity, thereby reducing stress and supporting gastrointestinal motility. Virtual reality applications can reduce pain perception and improve overall comfort through distraction and relaxation mechanisms.

Although the effects of these interventions have been investigated individually in the literature, studies directly comparing them within the same research design are limited. In addition, most existing studies have focused primarily on pain, while multidimensional outcomes such as obstetric recovery and gastrointestinal symptoms have not been sufficiently addressed.

Therefore, this randomized controlled trial aims to comparatively evaluate the effects of music therapy, breathing exercises, and virtual reality applications on obstetric recovery, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in women following cesarean section. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the development of post-cesarean care protocols and support the integration of non-pharmacological interventions into clinical practice.

Inclusion criteria

• Women aged 18 years and older
• Able to speak and understand Turkish
• Gestational age between 37 and 42 weeks
• Undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia
• Able to communicate and willing to participate
• No major intraoperative or early postoperative complications (within 0-12 hours), such as severe hemorrhage (>1000 mL), anesthesia-related cardiorespiratory complications, major surgical complications, wound dehiscence, sepsis, or need for intensive care
• No visual or hearing impairments
• Having a live, healthy, singleton newborn

Exclusion criteria

• Passage of flatus before the intervention
• Presence of any diagnosed medical condition during pregnancy
• Development of maternal postpartum complications such as postpartum hemorrhage (>1000 mL), infection, wound dehiscence, sepsis, thromboembolism, or need for intensive care
• Presence of neonatal complications such as neonatal distress requiring intensive care, congenital anomalies, severe respiratory distress, infection, or perinatal mortality
• History of chronic pain, gastrointestinal disease, or respiratory disease
• Diagnosed and treated psychiatric disorders