Effects of Motor Imagery Training

Mental chronometry is a method considered more objective than questionnaires in the assessment of MI, measuring imagery time. In other words, it examines the time difference between the actual physical execution of a movement and the mental imagery of the same movement. In the calculated mental chronometry value, a value of zero indicates perfect synchrony between motor imagery and motor execution. Values above zero indicate that the task was performed faster during motor imagery than during motor execution, and values below zero indicate that the task was performed slower during motor imagery than during motor execution. Patients' actual walking times (MIT) and imagery times (MET) are recorded. The difference in time and the mental chronometry ratio are calculated, and the mental chronometry ratio is evaluated using the following formula.In our study, the timed up and go test (TUG) and the gyko test will be used as mental chronometry tests.

The Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS) is a 17-question checklist developed to measure fear of movement and re-injury. Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1: Strongly disagree, 4: Strongly agree). A total score is calculated by reversing items 4, 8, 12, and 16. A person receives a total score between 17 and 68. A total score of 37 points or higher indicates a high level of kinesiophobia. As a participant's score increases, so does the severity of their kinesiophobia. The use of the total score is recommended in studies. A Turkish version of the scale was developed and its reliability study was conducted in 2011.

This device, manufactured by Mikrogate and manufactured in Italy, is used as a portable inertial measurement unit for motion analysis and postural stability assessment. The displacement of the center of gravity is analyzed using a computer using a sensor placed on a sling. The patient is asked to walk for 30 seconds.

The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ), Short Form, was developed to determine the extent to which individuals visualize and feel the imaged movements. It consists of a total of 10 movements measuring five visual and five kinesthetic imagery skills (24). The questionnaire is not a self-report measure but is administered by an assessor. All movements were assessed in a sitting position. The assessor first performed the relevant movement on themselves and then asked the participant to perform the same movement only once. The participant then visualized the movement and rated the visual clarity or intensity of sensations on a five-point ordinal scale. Higher scores indicate greater visual clarity or intensity of sensations.

PD disability will be assessed with the m-HY scale: stage 1.0 (unilateral involvement only); stage 1.5 (unilateral and axial involvement); stage 2.0 (bilateral involvement without balance impairment); stage 2.5 (mild bilateral disease with improvement on pull test); stage 3.0 (mild to moderate bilateral disease; some postural impairment; physically independent); stage 4.0 (severe disability; still able to walk or stand unaided). Symptom severity in PD was graded using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): part I (mental dysfunction and mood); part II (activities of daily living); part III (motor component); part IV (treatment-related complications)

Medical history (disease duration and symptoms), demographic information will be recorded.

Symptom severity in PD is rated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Several items on this scale assess upper extremity and hand function. The Activities of Daily Living section assesses handwriting, cutting food, and grasping utensils. The Motor section assesses finger tapping, hand movements, and rapid alternating hand movements. These test items are scored from 0 to 4, with 4 representing maximum impairment and 0 representing normal movement ability. The UPDRS is comprised of subsections: Section I (mental dysfunction and mood); Section II (activities of daily living); Section III (motor); and Section IV (treatment-related complications).

This test was developed by Folstein in 1975. Its Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. in 2002. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), which is quite suitable for screening cognitive function in the elderly and assesses cognitive functions in five separate areas (orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and language), is frequently used. A score below 24 on the MMSE indicates dementia, 24-26 indicates mild cognitive impairment, and 26 or above indicates normal cognitive function.