Effects of Mindfulness-based Interventions on Improving Teacher Wellbeing and Teaching Outcomes: A Multi-site, Mixed-methods Randomized Controlled Study

The Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale-Short Form (TSES-SF). Participants will rate their responses on a 9-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (nothing) to 9 (a great deal). A higher total score indicates a higher sense of teaching efficacy of teachers.

The Classroom Strategies Scale-Teacher Form (CSS-T). Participants will rate their frequency of using a specific strategy in two domains on a 7-point Likert scale from 1 (never used) to 7 (always used). Higher scores indicate teachers use specific strategies more frequently.

Three subscales of Delaware School Climate Scale-Teacher/Staff (DSCS-T/S): Student-Student Relations, Student Engagement, and Clarity of Expectations. It uses a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (disagree a lot) to 4 (agree a lot). A higher total score indicates a better classroom climate.

The Perceived Stress Scale. Participates rate their stress on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). A higher total score indicates higher stress levels.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7). The items are rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day) over the past two weeks. A higher total score indicates a higher level of anxiety.

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The items are rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day) over the past two weeks. A higher total score indicates higher depressive symptoms.

Maslach Burnout Inventory - Educators Survey (MBI-ES). Participants report scores on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 6 (every day). A higher total score indicates a higher level of burnout.

The Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15). Participants give ratings on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (never or very rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true). A higher total score means a higher level of trait mindfulness.

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Participants will rate their responses on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). A higher total score in each subscale indicates a higher tendency of using the specific emotion regulation strategy.