Effects of Exercise on Glymphatic Functioning and Neurobehavioral Correlates in Parkinson's Disease

Inclusion criteria

• Participant has Parkinson's disease as defined by the UK Brain Bank Criteria.

• Patient has demonstrated a positive levodopa or related therapy response.
• Participant is willing and able to participate in a Rock Steady Boxing class.
• Participation reports a typically sedentary lifestyle in the 6 months prior to enrollment, i.e., no daily-to-weekly, guided, aerobic or non-aerobic exercise routine.
• Participant agreeable to an overnight dopaminergic medication washout period.
• Subject has an identified, reliable method of attending study appointments and Rock Steady Boxing classes.

Exclusion criteria

• Clinical Dementia Rating scale score <=1
• Any contraindication or inability to tolerate brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or medical conditions that may interfere with their ability to enter the scanner and/or interfere with interpretation of acquired MRI scanning data (e.g., a pacemaker or any other implanted device or condition that would preclude proximity to a strong magnetic field).
• Any contraindication to overnight dopaminergic medication washout period.
• Any contraindication to participation in Rock Steady Boxing.
• Subject resides at a skilled nursing or dementia care facility, or admission to such a facility is planned during the study period.
• Signs or symptoms of untreated obstructive sleep apnea (i.e., 3+ of the 8 STOP-Bang OSA items). Treatment-compliant OSA patients will not be excluded.
• Signs of MSA, probable Alzheimer disease (according to National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders), probable vascular dementia (history of cognitive decline concurrent with evidence of cerebrovascular disease progression on neuroimaging).
• Evidence of any clinically significant neurological disorder including but not limited to motor neuron disease or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), normal pressure hydrocephalus, brain tumor, seizure disorder, multiple sclerosis, or known structural brain abnormalities.
• History of severe or repeated head injury.
• History of encephalitis.
• Subject has had a significant illness or infection requiring medical intervention in the past 30 days.
• History of neuroleptic use (with the exception of pimivanserin, clozapine or quetiapine) for a prolonged period of time or within the past 6 months.
• Any clinically significant hematological, autoimmune, endocrine, cardiovascular, neoplastic, renal, gastrointestinal, or other disorder that, in the Investigator's opinion, could interfere with the subject's participation in the study, place the subject at increased risk, or confound interpretation of study results.
• Current enrollment in another interventional clinical study involving a therapeutic agent.
• Consideration by the investigator, for any reason, that the subject is an unsuitable candidate.