Effects of Early and Late Time-restricted Eating on Overweight Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

Inclusion criteria

• Age from 18 to 65 years
• Body mass index (BMI): 24.0-40.0 kg/m2
• Diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (i.e., more than 3 abnormal findings out of 5):

• Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm (men) or ≥ 80 cm (women).
• Elevated triglyceride (TG) (use of lipid-lowering medication is an alternate indicator) ≥ 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L).
• Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (use of lipid-lowering medication is an alternate indicator) < 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) in males < 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in females.
• Elevated blood pressure (use of antihypertensive medication is an alternate indicator). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 85 mmHg.
• Elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) (used of hypoglycemic medications is an alternate indicator) ≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L).

Exclusion criteria

• Unstable weight (change > 10% current body weight) for 3 months prior to the study
• Pregnant or breast-feeding
• Night shift workers
• History of major diseases or related diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and major adverse cardiovascular event
• Active viral hepatitis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases
• Being treated with antibiotics or corticosteroids
• Current participate in other weight-management program, current on a prescribed diet for special disease or current on any drugs that effect appetite
• The researcher deemed it inappropriate to participate in the experimenter.