Effects of Close Follow-up on Patients With Low Back Pain

Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score ranges from 0 to 10. High scores describe more pain, and low scores describe less pain.

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia is an assessment tool typically consisting of 17 items that evaluates how much fear or anxiety individuals experience regarding movement, exercise, or physical activity. The scale ranges from a minimum score of 0 to a maximum score of 51. Higher scores indicate greater kinesiophobia (fear of movement), while lower scores reflect less fear and anxiety.

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale is an assessment tool that evaluates how individuals perceive pain and the level of negative thoughts and anxiety they experience related to pain. The scale typically consists of 13 items, assessing the extent to which a person catastrophizes or experiences excessive worry about their pain. Scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 52. Higher scores indicate that the individual evaluates pain in a more negative and catastrophic manner, while lower scores suggest lower levels of anxiety and catastrophizing.

The Beck Depression Inventory is a widely used psychometric tool for assessing the severity of an individual's depression. The scale typically consists of 21 items, each evaluating different emotional, physical, and behavioral symptoms associated with depression. Scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 63. Higher scores indicate more severe depression symptoms, while lower scores suggest fewer or less intense depressive symptoms.

The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire is an assessment tool designed to evaluate the functional limitations and the impact of low back pain on an individual's daily activities. The questionnaire typically consists of 24 items, each exploring how back pain affects physical activities, functionality, and quality of life. Scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 24. Higher scores indicate greater disability and more significant limitations in daily life due to back pain, while lower scores suggest fewer functional restrictions.

The Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs is an assessment tool designed to evaluate the symptoms of neuropathic pain and the severity of these symptoms. The scale consists of 7 items, each assessing sensory changes, pain type, and the intensity of symptoms related to neuropathic pain. Scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 24. Higher scores indicate more severe neuropathic pain symptoms, while lower scores suggest milder or no neuropathic pain symptoms.

The STarT Back Screening Tool is an assessment tool used to evaluate risk factors and potential functional limitations in individuals experiencing low back pain. The scale typically consists of 9 items, each addressing psychosocial factors, pain intensity, and functional capacity related to the individual's back pain. Scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 9. Higher scores indicate more severe back pain and an increased presence of psychosocial risk factors, while lower scores suggest lower risk and fewer functional limitations.