Effects of Breathing Training on Psychosocial Functioning and Heart Rate Variability in Postmenopausal Women With Depressive Symptoms

Postmenopausal women without hormone replacement therapy are associated with higher risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. They are likely to experience depressive symptoms after menopause, and the comorbidity of depression are related to altered autonomic function. We expect that postmenopausal women with depressive symptoms who receive breathing training will demonstrate decreased depressive symptoms and increased heart rate variability immediately upon and later after completion of training, and optimally contributing to improve autonomic nervous regulation in their later life to prevent undesired cardiac outcomes.

Inclusion criteria

• Permanent termination of menstruation of natural cause.
• Cessation of menstrual cycles for more than 12 consecutive months.
• A score of the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II of greater than 10.
• Able to speak Mandarin or Taiwanese.
• Age from 45 to 64 years.

Exclusion criteria

• Subjects who are clinically diagnosed with history of cardiac arrhythmia, coronary heart disease, heart failure, kidney disease, hypertension, chronic low blood pressure, diabetic neuropathy, psychosis, mental deficiency.
• Subjects who received hormone replacement therapy prescribed by gynecological physicians.
• Subjects who took cardiac and/or psychotropic medications which may affect the autonomic functions