Effects of Bread Gluten Content on Gastrointestinal Volumes

Inclusion criteria

• Aged 18-55
• Able to give informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Unable to abstain from smoking for the duration of the study
• Pregnancy declared by candidate
• History declared by the candidate of pre-existing gastrointestinal disorder, including but not limited to: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Coeliac Disease, Pancreatitis, Gallstone disease (biliary colic, cholecystitis), Diverticulitis, Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Reported history of previous resection of any part of the gastrointestinal tract other than appendix or gallbladder
• Any medical condition making participation potentially compromising participation in the study e.g. diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease limiting ability to lie in the scanner
• Contraindications for MRI scanning i.e. metallic implants, pacemakers, history of metallic foreign body in eye(s) and penetrating eye injury
• Reported alcohol dependence
• Taking any drug known to alter GI motility including mebeverine, opiates, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, phenothiazines, benzodiazepines, calcium channel antagonists during or in the 2 weeks prior to the test. (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and low dose tricyclic antidepressants will be recorded but will not be an exclusion criteria)
• Antibiotic or probiotic treatment in the past 4 weeks
• Inability to lie flat or exceed scanner limits of weight <120kg
• Poor understanding of English language
• Participation in night shift work the week prior to the study day. Night work is defined as working between midnight and 0600
• Strenuous exercise greater than 10 hours per week (i.e. no competition training the week prior to the study).
• Participation in any medical trials for the past 3 months
• Anyone who in the opinion of the investigator is unlikely to be able to comply with the protocol e.g. cognitive dysfunction, chaotic lifestyle related to substance abuse