Effects of a Soya-Based Fibre Beverage on Weight and Health in Overweight Adults

Changes in body weight (kg) from baseline to week 12

Change in body fat percentage (%) from baseline to week 12.

Changes in BMI (kg/m^2) from baseline to week 12. Weight (kg) and height (m) will be measured and combined to report BMI in kg/m²

Change in waist circumference (cm) from baseline to week 12

Changes in hip circumference (cm) from baseline to week 12

Change in body fat mass (kg) from baseline to week 12.

Change in body fat-free mass (kg) from baseline to week 12.

Change in visceral fat rating from baseline to week 12. Visceral Fat Rating from 1 to 12: Indicates a healthy level of visceral fat. Visceral Fat Rating from 13 to 59: Indicates an excess level of visceral fat.

Change in muscle mass (kg) from baseline to week 12.

Change in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) from baseline to week 12.

Change in total cholesterol (mg/dL) from baseline to week 12

Change in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dL) from baseline to week 12

Change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL) from baseline to week 12

Change in triglycerides (mg/dL) from baseline to week 12

Change in total protein (g/L) from baseline to week 12

Change in albumin (g/L) from baseline to week 12

Change in bilirubin (µmol/L) from baseline to week 12

Change in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (U/L) from baseline to week 12

Change in alanine transaminase (ALT) (U/L) from baseline to week 12

Change in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (U/L)

Change in gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (U/L) from baseline to week 12

Change in urea (mmol/L) from baseline to week 12

Change in estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (mL/min) from baseline to week 12

Change in creatinine (µmol/L) from baseline to week 12

Change in IL-6 (pg/mL) and C-reactive protein from baseline to week 12

Change in C-reactive protein (mg/mL) from baseline to week 12.

Physical activity was assessed using the Malay version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The data was processed according to the official IPAQ scoring protocol. The results are reported as continuous scores expressed in Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)-minutes per week. Higher scores indicate a greater volume of physical activity expenditure.

Change in average daily diet intake, assessed using 24-hour recalls and 3-day food records. Dietary data were entered into Nutritionist Pro™ software (Axxya Systems, USA) to estimate mean daily energy and nutrient intake, including macronutrients and dietary fibre. For food items that are not available in the Malaysian Nutrient Composition of Foods, the USDA nutrient database was referred. For mixed dishes that were not available in the database, local recipes were entered into the software.

Subjective appetite sensations were assessed using an eleven-point numerical rating scale (NRS), with anchors at 0 ("not at all") and 10 ("very much"), to evaluate hunger, fullness, desire to eat, thirst, and prospective food consumption. Participants completed the questionnaire before and after breakfast, lunch, and dinner at each study time point (pre, week 4, and post). For analysis and comparability with conventional visual analogue scale (VAS) methods, NRS scores were linearly transformed to a 0-100 scale by multiplying each value by 10.

Frequency of defecation will be assessed using the Questionnaire of Regularity of Defecation Behavior. Participants will report the frequency of bowel movements categorized as 1 time/day, more than 1 time/day, 2-3 times/week, or 4-5 times/week.

Time of defecation will be assessed using the Questionnaire of Regularity of Defecation Behavior. Participants will report the usual timing of bowel movements within specified time intervals over a 24-hour period.

Stool consistency will be assessed using the Bristol Stool Form Scale, a 7-point scale ranging from Type 1 (hard lumps indicating constipation) to Type 7 (watery stool indicating diarrhea). Types 3 and 4 indicate normal stool consistency.

Stool color will be assessed using the Questionnaire of Regularity of Defecation Behavior. Participants will report stool color categorized as brown, yellow, black, red, green, or blue.

Amount of stool per defecation will be assessed using the Questionnaire of Regularity of Defecation Behavior and categorized as 1-2 stools, 3-4 stools, or more than 5 stools.

Feces odor will be assessed using the Questionnaire of Regularity of Defecation Behavior and categorized as regular or irregular.

Ease of defecation will be assessed using the Questionnaire of Regularity of Defecation Behavior and categorized as easy or hard defecation.

The quality of life outcome will be assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire, a 26-item instrument evaluating four domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Each domain score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. Assessments will be conducted at baseline (pre-intervention) and after completion of the intervention (post-intervention).