Effectiveness of Whole Body Vibration on Health Outcomes in Older Adults With Dynapenic Abdominal Obesity

Primary outcomes

1. blood tests

   Time frame: 24 weeks

   Total Cholesterol (TC) Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: Serum total cholesterol level measured in mg/dL. Reference value: < 200 mg/dL.

   Triglycerides (TG) Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: Serum triglyceride level measured in mg/dL. Reference value: < 150 mg/dL.

   Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: Serum LDL cholesterol measured in mg/dL. Reference value: < 130 mg/dL.

   High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: Serum HDL cholesterol measured in mg/dL. Reference values: > 40 mg/dL for men, > 50 mg/dL for women.

   C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Time Frame: Baseline, 3months, 6 months；Description: Quantitative serum CRP level measured in mg/dL. Normal reference value: 0.3 mg/dL.

   Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)Time Frame: Baseline, 3 months, 6 months；Description: HbA1c percentage measured in blood. Normal Brain-Derived Neurotroph in pg/mL using

2. dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA)

   Time frame: 8 months

   This study employed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a widely used and clinically safe method for assessing bone health. The DXA system (brand referenced in previous publications) operates by emitting a low-radiation dose (±10 μSv) X-ray beam to measure the extent of X-ray penetration through body tissues. Based on the absorption data, the device calculates bone mineral density (BMD). Since bones absorb more X-rays and have high penetrability, while fat absorbs less and has low penetrability, DXA effectively differentiates between tissue types. DXA results are typically interpreted using T-scores for BMD. A T-score ≥ -1.0 indicates normal bone density and good skeletal health. A T-score between -2.5 and -1.0 suggests low bone mass (osteopenia), indicating a decreased BMD but not yet at the threshold for osteoporosis. A T-score ≤ -2.5 defines osteoporosis, indicating significantly reduced BMD and a higher risk of fractures. Severe osteoporosis is diagnosed when a T-score ≤ -2.5.

3. quality of life questionnaire

   Time frame: 24 weeks

   The Taiwan version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire is a shortened version derived from the original 100-item WHOQOL-100 developed by the World Health Organization. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the questionnaire support a four-domain model consisting of physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and environment. The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) of these four domains ranges from 0.70 to 0.77. The questionnaire includes 28 items: one item for overall quality of life, one for general health, seven for physical health, six for psychological well-being, three for social relationships, and eight for environmental factors. The scale uses a 5-point Likert format based on frequency, intensity, capability, and evaluation. Higher scores indicate better quality of life.