Effectiveness of Postoperative Topical and Oral Antibiotics on Impacted Mandibular 3rd Molar Surgery.

Impacted mandibular third molar extraction is one of the most commonly performed oral surgical procedures and is frequently associated with postoperative complications such as pain, swelling, infection, and alveolar osteitis (dry socket). Antibiotics are commonly prescribed after third molar surgery to reduce the risk of postoperative infections; however, routine systemic antibiotic use may contribute to adverse drug reactions and antibiotic resistance. Topical antibiotic application at the surgical site may offer localized antimicrobial effects while reducing systemic exposure and related complications.

This study is a two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan. The study duration is six months from February 2024 to July 2024. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry (REF.No.IRB/D-000090/24), and written informed consent is obtained from all participants before enrollment.

A total of 90 participants aged 18 to 40 years undergoing surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars are enrolled and randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio into two treatment groups using computerized block randomization with allocation concealment through sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes. Participants in the experimental group receive topical antibiotic application directly at the extraction site immediately after surgery, while participants in the comparator group receive a standard 5-day postoperative oral antibiotic regimen according to institutional protocol.

All surgical procedures are performed under local anesthesia using standardized surgical techniques by qualified oral surgeons. Follow-up evaluations are conducted on postoperative days 1, 3, 7, and 14 to assess postoperative outcomes.

The primary outcomes include postoperative infection and dry socket incidence. Secondary outcomes include postoperative pain measured using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), facial swelling, patient satisfaction, recovery time, and adverse effects related to antibiotic therapy.

Data are analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize demographic and clinical variables. Comparative analyses between groups are performed using appropriate statistical tests, including chi-square tests for categorical variables, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Inclusion criteria

• Individuals aged 18-40 years.
• Patients scheduled for surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars.
• Presence of pain, infection, or impaction requiring extraction.
• Fully or partially impacted mandibular third molars.
• Pell and Gregory Class II or Class III impaction.
• Medically fit for surgical procedures and antibiotic therapy.
• Provided written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria
• Known allergy to antibiotics.
• Known allergy to local anesthetic agents.
• Previous surgery in the same anatomical area.
• Poor oral hygiene.
• Active oral infections.
• Presence of systemic illness contraindicating surgery or antibiotic use.
• Pregnant women.
• Breastfeeding women.
• Inability to attend follow-up visits.