Effectiveness of Personalized Alternating Current Stimulation for Treating Cognitive Impairment in CNS Demyelination Patients

Working Memory Related Task is a widely used paradigm in cognitive psychology and neuroscience to study memory retention and recognition. In this task, participants are first presented with a image stimulus for a brief period. After a delay interval, they are shown a set of test stimuli, including the original sample and one or more distractors. The participants' task is to identify whether the sample stimulus is present among the test items. This paradigm allows researchers to investigate the effects of delay duration on memory accuracy and the neural mechanisms underlying memory encoding, maintenance, and retrieval.

The SDMT is a widely used test to measure processing speed and cognitive flexibility. Participants are asked to match symbols with corresponding numbers according to a key, which they must do as quickly as possible. This task assesses visual scanning, motor speed, and the ability to shift attention.

The AVLT is a neuropsychological test used to assess verbal memory. It involves presenting a list of words to participants, who are then required to recall the words immediately after presentation and after a delay. The test examines both short-term and long-term verbal memory retention, as well as the ability to organize and retrieve information.

The Digit Span test measures working memory and attention. Participants are presented with a sequence of digits, and they must repeat the sequence either in the same order (forward span) or in reverse order (backward span). The test assesses both short-term memory and cognitive flexibility.

The BVMTR is designed to evaluate visual memory and recognition. Participants are shown a set of geometric shapes, which they must remember. After a delay, they are asked to identify which shapes were previously shown among distractors. This test helps in assessing visual memory and the ability to recognize visual stimuli.

The Stroop test assesses cognitive flexibility and the ability to inhibit automatic responses. Participants are presented with words printed in different ink colors and must name the ink color rather than reading the word itself (which can be incongruent). The task evaluates cognitive control, selective attention, and response inhibition.

The EDSS is a scale used to measure the severity of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. It assesses both neurological impairment and physical function through a series of clinical examinations, including motor function, sensory function, coordination, and cognitive ability.

The MFIS is a self-report questionnaire used to assess the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. It consists of questions about physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning, measuring how fatigue affects different areas of a person's life.

The MSIS is a questionnaire designed to measure the impact of multiple sclerosis on a patient's physical and psychological well-being. It includes questions about physical disability, mobility, fatigue, and emotional well-being, providing an overall assessment of the disease's impact on quality of life.

The HAMA is a clinician-administered scale used to assess the severity of a patient's anxiety. It includes 14 items that evaluate both psychological and physical symptoms of anxiety, such as tension, fear, and physiological symptoms (e.g., palpitations).

The HAMD is a clinician-administered scale that assesses the severity of depression symptoms. It includes 17 items that evaluate mood, behavior, and physical symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, appetite changes, and guilt.