Effectiveness of an Online Religiously-integrated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-based Intervention on Death Anxiety

The Turkish Death Anxiety Scale consists of 20 items that are divided into three subscales: (a) ambiguity of death, (b) exposure to death, and (c) agony of death. These subscales exhibit strong internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha values of .91, .94, .76 respectively, adding up to a total of .95). It consists of a five-point Likert (0 = Never to 4 = Always). Subscale scores are determined by summing the individual item scores, and the total scale score is determined by summing the subscale scores. Total scale scores can be between 0 and 80, and the higher the score, the greater the level of DA. A score range of 0-7 indicates very low-level DA, 8-25 indicates low-level DA, 26-44 indicates medium-level DA, 45-63 indicates high-level DA, and 64-80 indicates very high-level DA.

Abdel-Khalek's Death Anxiety Scale is a 20-item questionnaire that measures DA. The scale is one-dimensional. Higher scores indicate a greater degree of DA. It consists of a five-point Likert (1 = No to 5 = Very much). The Turkish reliability and validity of the scale were conducted by Sarıçiçek-Aydoğan et al. in 2015 (Cronbach's alpha = .86).

Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 consists of a four-point Likert (0 = never to3 = almost every day) and 7 items that assess anxiety symptoms. The highest score that can be attained ranges up to 21. A score range of 0-4 indicates mild anxiety, 5-9 indicates moderate anxiety, 10-14 indicates high anxiety, and 15-21 indicates severe anxiety. A cut-off point of 10 points was determined for the total score. The Turkish reliability and validity of the scale were conducted by Konkan et al. in 2013 (Cronbach's alpha = .85).

Patient Health Questionnaire consists of a four-point Likert and nine items that screen depressive symptoms. Each of these items is rated on a scale of 0 (never) to 3 (almost every day). The highest score that can be attained ranges up to 27. A score range of 1-4 indicates low depressive symptoms, 5-9 indicates mild depressive symptoms, 10-14 indicates moderate depressive symptoms, 15-19 indicates partially severe depressive symptoms, and 20-27 indicates severe depressive symptoms. The Turkish reliability and validity of the scale were conducted by Sarı et al. (2016) (Cronbach's alpha = .84).

The Belief in a Day of Judgment Scale comprises 20 items with two subscales: (1) belief in a day of judgment, and (2) bad behavior/actions toward others. It consists of a five-point Likert (1 = Strongly disagree to 5 = Strongly agree). Examples of the items include, "God is the savior and judge of mankind.", and "If I am pure of heart and hands, I shall live in the fear of a just God". A high score on the Belief in a Day of Judgment subscale indicates a strong belief in a Day of Judgment, the conviction that God will judge the living and the dead, and the belief in life after death. A high score on the Bad Behavior/Actions Toward Others subscale reflects the belief that human relationships and actions towards others will be scrutinized on the Day of Judgment. The Turkish reliability and validity of the scale were conducted by Turan et al. in 2020 (Cronbach's alpha = .92).

The Muslim Practice and Belief Scale- Short Form comprises nine items with two subscales: (1) social beliefs and prayers, and (2) individual beliefs and prayers subscale (PF). It consists of a five-point Likert (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). The Turkish reliability and validity of the scale were conducted by Akın and Yalnız in 2015 (Cronbach's alpha = .90). The subscales demonstrate good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alphas of. 86 and .91 respectively. Higher scores indicate a greater level of Muslim practice and belief.