Effectiveness of a Self-Efficacy Based Educational Program on Glycemic Self-Monitoring, Diabetes Self-Management Knowledge, and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that requires continuous self-management, including blood glucose monitoring, medication adherence, diet control, and lifestyle modification. Poor self-management is associated with increased risk of complications and reduced quality of life.

Self-efficacy, defined as an individual's belief in their ability to perform specific behaviors, plays a critical role in diabetes self-management. Educational interventions based on self-efficacy theory have shown potential in improving patients' confidence and ability to manage their condition effectively.

This study is a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-efficacy-based educational program among adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A total of 400 participants will be recruited and randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group.

Participants in the intervention group will receive a structured educational program focusing on enhancing self-efficacy related to glycemic self-monitoring, diabetes knowledge, and self-care behaviors. The program will include interactive sessions, practical demonstrations, and educational materials. The control group will receive standard care provided by healthcare services.

Data will be collected at baseline and after the intervention using validated instruments to assess glycemic self-monitoring practices, diabetes self-management knowledge, and health-related quality of life.

The primary outcomes of this study include improvement in glycemic self-monitoring behaviors and diabetes-related knowledge. Secondary outcomes include improvement in health-related quality of life.

The results of this study are expected to contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the role of self-efficacy-based interventions in chronic disease management and may inform future clinical practice and educational strategies.

Inclusion criteria

• Adults aged 18 years and above
• Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
• Attending Jordanian Ministry of Health healthcare facilities for at least six months with regular follow-up visits
• Able to perform or learn self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
• Able to use a glucometer independently
• Willing to participate and provide informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes
• Patients with physical or cognitive impairments that limit the ability to perform SMBG independently
• Pregnant or lactating women
• Patients with severe medical conditions such as renal failure or cardiovascular instability that may affect participation
• Patients with other conditions that may hinder study participation
• Patients who do not provide informed consent
• Patients who fail to respond to study instruments
• Patients who participated in similar educational programs within the past six months
• Patients currently using corticosteroid medications due to their effect on blood glucose levels