Effectiveness of a Personalized In-home Telerehabilitation Program on Self-Care in Patients with Long COVID

Individual's knowledge, skills and confidence to managing one's own health. is a non-disease-specific tool and can be used across different patient populations. The PAM-13 consists of 13 items on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = agree, 4 = strongly agree). Item scores are summed up to a raw sum score resulting in theoretical values between 13 and 52, which are then transformed to a standardized metric ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate a greater patient activation. PAM-13 scores can then be categorized into four stages of activation, corresponding to the difficulty of the PAM-13 items: level 1 (patients believe active role is important; items 1-2), level 2 (patients have confidence and knowledge to take action; items 3-8), level 3 (taking action; items 9-11) and level 4 (staying on course under stress; items 12-13).

Measure for self-care self-efficacy for chronic illness. This 10-item instrument measures self-efficacy related to self-care maintenance, monitoring, and management in patients with chronic illness. Each item is rated on a '1-5' rating scale, with a higher score representing a higher level of self-efficacy. Scale scores are standardized mathematically to range from 0-100.

Quality of life related to dimensions of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression.

Each dimension is described by three possible levels of problems (no, mild to moderate and severe). Hence, this descriptive system contains three or 243 combinations, or health states. For each of these combinations, one can assign healthstate utility indices (or ''preference weights'') which are based on different value sets.

Severity of fatigue and its effect on a person's activities and lifestyle. The FSS questionnaire contains nine statements that rate the severity of your fatigue symptoms. Read each statement and circle a number from 1 to 7, based on how accurately it reflects your condition during the past week and the extent to which you agree or disagree that the statement applies to you. A low value (e.g., 1) indicates strong disagreement with the statement, whereas a high value (e.g., 7) indicates strong agreement. The minimum score=9 and maximum score possible=63. Higher the score=greater fatigue severity.

The DSQ-SF allows investigators to use a small number of items (n = 14) to determine whether patients meet ME/CFS case definitions. Similar to the DSQ, the DSQ-SF uses the mean of the frequency and severity scores for each symptom rated over the past 6 months and linearly transforming it into a 100-point scale