Effectiveness of a Mindfulness and Digital Technology Program for Healthy Aging (MMP-DTLA)

Primary outcomes

1. mindfulness awareness

   Time frame: We will collect four times of data: 1. Baseline 2. The fourth week 3. Up to 10 weeks 4. After completing the study for one month

   The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) will be used. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 5 (almost always) to 1 (never), with higher scores indicating greater frequency. Certain items are reverse-coded, and total scores are computed after adjusting for these items. A higher total score reflects a greater level of mindfulness.

2. Physical activity: PASE-C

   Time frame: We will collect four times of data: 1. Baseline 2. The fourth week 3. Up to 10 weeks 4. After completing the study for one month

   The PASE-C encompasses domains including total physical activity, leisure activities, household activities, and occupational activities. Higher scores indicate greater levels of physical activity.

3. Physical activity: SPPB

   Time frame: We will collect four times of data: 1. Baseline 2. The fourth week 3. Up to 10 weeks 4. After completing the study for one month

   The SPPB comprises three components: balance tests, gait speed tests, and chair stand tests. A total score ranging from 0 to 9 indicates mobility impairment, whereas a score between 10 and 12 reflects normal mobility function.

4. Cognitive function

   Time frame: We will collect four times of data: 1. Baseline 2. The fourth week 3. Up to 10 weeks 4. After completing the study for one month

   The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) will be used to assess cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults. The total score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better overall cognitive functioning. A score of 26 or above is generally considered within the normal range.

5. Heart rate variability: SDNN

   Time frame: We will collect four times of data: 1. Baseline 2. The fourth week 3. Up to 10 weeks 4. After completing the study for one month

   Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed using a monitoring device to evaluate autonomic nervous system activity. The standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) reflects the variability in RR intervals from electrocardiogram recordings, with higher SDNN values indicating greater heart rate variability.

6. Heart rate variability: LF/HF ratio

   Time frame: We will collect four times of data: 1. Baseline 2. The fourth week 3. Up to 10 weeks 4. After completing the study for one month

   Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed using a monitoring device to evaluate autonomic nervous system activity. Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity were assessed through frequency-domain measures, including low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components. The LF/HF ratio was calculated to evaluate the balance of autonomic nervous system activity.

7. Sleep quality

   Time frame: We will collect four times of data: 1. Baseline 2. The fourth week 3. Up to 10 weeks 4. After completing the study for one month

   The study utilized the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure sleep quality. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) yields a global score ranging from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality. A global PSQI score greater than 5 is indicative of clinically significant sleep disturbance.

8. Perception of ageing

   Time frame: We will collect four times of data: 1. Baseline 2. The fourth week 3. Up to 10 weeks 4. After completing the study for one month

   The perception of ageing was measured using the Brief Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ). A 5-point Likert scale was used for scoring, with 1 indicating 'strongly disagree,' 2 'disagree,' 3 'neutral,' 4 'agree,' and 5 'strongly agree.' Higher scores reflect more positive perceptions of aging.

9. Healthy ageing perspectives

   Time frame: We will collect four times of data: 1. Baseline 2. The fourth week 3. Up to 10 weeks 4. After completing the study for one month

   The Healthy Aging Perspectives Questionnaire (HAPQ) will be used. This questionnaire adopts a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 indicates 'strongly disagree,' 2 'disagree,' 3 'neutral,' 4 'agree,' and 5 'strongly agree.' Higher scores indicate more positive perspective of healthy aging.