Effect of Vitamin D3-fortified Fruit Juice on Iron Status in Women

Anaemia is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide and 50% of anaemia occurrences were reported to be caused by iron deficiency. The national prevalence of anaemia in Malaysia was 24.6%, which was higher in women (35.5%) compared to men (14.3%). Combatting anaemia/iron deficiency requires cohesive approach, as its occurrence is suggested to be multifactorial. Iron supplements have been widely used, whilst, either dietary pattern modification or iron fortification may be implemented at population levels. Despite numerous approach implemented, the problems are still prevalent. There is recently emerging evidence of the utilisation of vitamin D, as iron absorption enhancer that acts on suppression of hepcidin. However, there is scarcity of randomised controlled trial, investigating the effect of the vitamin D supplementation administered routinely, aiding as an iron absorption enhancer, on iron status especially in the general population, not only in Malaysia but worldwide.

This is a placebo controlled, double-blind randomised controlled trial, designed to investigate the effect of an 8-week vitamin D3-fortified fruit juice supplementation on haematological indicators and hepcidin response in a cohort of marginally-low iron stores Malaysia childbearing-aged women. The study is divided into 2 phases which includes Phase 1 when potential participants will be screened, randomised and Phase 2 where all the eligible participants will consume either vitamin D3-fortified fruit juices containing 4000 IU (100 mcg) (vitamin D) or placebo-fruit juices (placebo) daily for the duration of 8 weeks. At each 4-week interval, 10 ml fasted blood sample will be collected, as well as information on dietary habit and anthropometric measurement. Mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed to determine the effect of intervention and the interaction with time points for all iron status and vitamin D status blood biomarkers. The clinical aspects of anticipated findings in the present study may be particularly applied to the recovery of iron status in iron deficient population, through the use of vitamin D supplementation in food fortification as a novel iron absorption enhancer.

Inclusion criteria

• women of child bearing age
• healthy
• aged 19-40 years
• non-pregnant nor lactating.

Exclusion criteria

• had a history of gastrointestinal disorder (celiac disease, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers and other related gastrointestinal disorders which may cause nutrient malabsorption) and iron metabolic disorders such as iron overload
• had donated blood since the past 6 months
• regularly consuming nutritional supplements (iron, vitamin D, vitamin C, calcium).