Effect of Ultrasound-enhanced Bee Venom on Selected Post Inguinal Hernioplasty Complications

All patients in both groups of the study (A) and (B) would receive a noncontact low-frequency pulsed ultrasound delivered through a fine mist of sterile saline or alcohol at the incisional site of inguinal hernioplasty, REN 4 and REN 6. Treatment sessions were 3 sessions a week for 3 consecutive weeks. Before and after each patient exposure, the ultrasonic applicator's performance was tested on a regular basis, and each test included all essential acoustic field characteristics (pressure amplitude, frequency), as well as the uniformity of the field distribution.

Ren 4: On the anterior midline, 2 sun superior to the upper border of the pubic symphysis or 3 sun inferior to the umbilicus. Ren 6: On the anterior midline, 1.5 sun inferior to the umbilicus or 3.5 sun superior to the upper border of the pubic symphysis.

For the bee venom phonophoresis group (A): A single clinical dosage of diluted bee venom (BV) in normal saline, 0.05 ml (1 g/ml), was injected into the forearm via either an intradermal or subcutaneous method to test for BV allergy. Subjects might take part in this study if the examined lesion caused a wheal with a diameter of less than 10 mm and an erythema with a diameter of less than 26.5 mm after 10 to 15 minutes.28 Participants were treated with BV previously prepared gel as topical application using an ultrasonic therapy instrument with frequency, 0.5-megahertz pulsed mode (applicator 1.9 cm2) applied around the incision site. The movement was over the incision margins with a pulsed duty cycle of 40% (4 ms on, 6 ms off), and power density of 0.5 W/cm2, and time was 5 minutes each session. Each participant was put in the most comfortable and relaxed position as a supine lying position, and the patient was asked to expose the incision site to avoid any restriction for receiving phonophoresis around the incisional site, REN 4 and REN 6. The incision margin was cleaned with alcohol or normal saline, the ultrasound unit's plug was inserted into the main current supply, and the treatment approach (phonophoresis application for bee venom gel) was prepared; each participant received a total amount of about 0.6 mg to 1 mg of BV gel each session for a total of 5 minutes.29 The participants in the control group (Group B) received only low-intensity pulsed ultrasound applied around the incisional site, REN 4 and REN 6 for 5 minutes, as in Group A, using only plain gel without BV gel.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients ranged in age from 28 to 50 years old.
• They had not previously undertaken another physical therapy modality for pain
• Non-smokers
• Under their own prescribed medications described by their physicians.

Exclusion criteria

Patients were excluded if they:

• had non-mesh inguinal hernioplasty.
• suffered from open or infected wounds.
• had any systemic diseases that may interfere with the study's objectives such as using chemo or radiotherapy.
• had allergy to bee venom.
• had associated disorders, such as immunodeficiency, HIV, diabetes, or anemia.