Effect of Tai Chi on Balance, Mood, Cognition, and Quality of Life in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Static posturography- eyes closed on the foam rubber in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- eyes closed on the foam rubber in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- eyes closed on the foam rubber in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- eyes closed on the foam rubber in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- eyes closed on the foam rubber in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - LI - line integral in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - LI - line integral in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - LI - line integral in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - LI - line integral in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - LI - line integral in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- TA - total area in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- TA - total area in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- TA - total area in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- TA - total area in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- TA - total area in mm2, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - RMS - root mean square in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - RMS - root mean square in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - RMS - root mean square in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - RMS - root mean square in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Static posturography- - RMS - root mean square in mm, Objective test (instrumental), Score interpretation: The more, the worse.

Mini-BESTest - Balance Evaluation Systems Test measure in points from 0 - 28. Objective test (clinical), The less, the worse.

The Mini-BESTest consists of 14 tasks that assess static, proactive, and reactive balance. This balance measure is a shorter version of the original 27-item BESTest and takes only 15 minutes to administer. The mini-BESTest may be more appropriate and effective for ambulatory people with MS with relatively few walking disabilities. Higher scores mean better outcome.

Mini-BESTest - Balance Evaluation Systems Test measure in points from 0 - 28. Objective test (clinical), The less, the worse.

The Mini-BESTest consists of 14 tasks that assess static, proactive, and reactive balance. This balance measure is a shorter version of the original 27-item BESTest and takes only 15 minutes to administer. The mini-BESTest may be more appropriate and effective for ambulatory people with MS with relatively few walking disabilities. Higher scores mean better outcome.

Mini-BESTest - Balance Evaluation Systems Test measure in points from 0 - 28. Objective test (clinical), The less, the worse.

The Mini-BESTest consists of 14 tasks that assess static, proactive, and reactive balance. This balance measure is a shorter version of the original 27-item BESTest and takes only 15 minutes to administer. The mini-BESTest may be more appropriate and effective for ambulatory people with MS with relatively few walking disabilities. Higher scores mean better outcome.

Mini-BESTest - Balance Evaluation Systems Test measure in points from 0 - 28. Objective test (clinical), The less, the worse.

The Mini-BESTest consists of 14 tasks that assess static, proactive, and reactive balance. This balance measure is a shorter version of the original 27-item BESTest and takes only 15 minutes to administer. The mini-BESTest may be more appropriate and effective for ambulatory people with MS with relatively few walking disabilities. Higher scores mean better outcome.

Mini-BESTest - Balance Evaluation Systems Test measure in points from 0 - 28. Objective test (clinical), The less, the worse.

The Mini-BESTest consists of 14 tasks that assess static, proactive, and reactive balance. This balance measure is a shorter version of the original 27-item BESTest and takes only 15 minutes to administer. The mini-BESTest may be more appropriate and effective for ambulatory people with MS with relatively few walking disabilities. Higher scores mean better outcome.

EDSS - Expanded disability status scale in points from 0 - 10, Ordinal rating system, The more, the worse

EDSS - Expanded disability status scale in points from 0 - 10, Ordinal rating system, The more, the worse

EDSS - Expanded disability status scale in points from 0 - 10, Ordinal rating system, The more, the worse

EDSS - Expanded disability status scale in points from 0 - 10, Ordinal rating system, The more, the worse

EDSS - Expanded disability status scale in points from 0 - 10, Ordinal rating system, The more, the worse

T25FW - Timed 25-foot walk test in seconds, Objective test (clinical), The more, the worse.

The T25-FW is a quantitative mobility and leg function performance test based on a timed 25-walk. The patient is directed to one end of a clearly marked 25-foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly as possible, but safely. The task is immediately administered again by having the patient walk back the same distance. Patients may use assistive devices when doing this task. The score for the T25-FW is the average of the two completed trials. Higher scores mean worse outcome.

T25FW - Timed 25-foot walk test in seconds, Objective test (clinical), The more, the worse.

The T25-FW is a quantitative mobility and leg function performance test based on a timed 25-walk. The patient is directed to one end of a clearly marked 25-foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly as possible, but safely. The task is immediately administered again by having the patient walk back the same distance. Patients may use assistive devices when doing this task. The score for the T25-FW is the average of the two completed trials. Higher scores mean worse outcome.

T25FW - Timed 25-foot walk test in seconds, Objective test (clinical), The more, the worse.

The T25-FW is a quantitative mobility and leg function performance test based on a timed 25-walk. The patient is directed to one end of a clearly marked 25-foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly as possible, but safely. The task is immediately administered again by having the patient walk back the same distance. Patients may use assistive devices when doing this task. The score for the T25-FW is the average of the two completed trials. Higher scores mean worse outcome.

T25FW - Timed 25-foot walk test in seconds, Objective test (clinical), The more, the worse.

The T25-FW is a quantitative mobility and leg function performance test based on a timed 25-walk. The patient is directed to one end of a clearly marked 25-foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly as possible, but safely. The task is immediately administered again by having the patient walk back the same distance. Patients may use assistive devices when doing this task. The score for the T25-FW is the average of the two completed trials. Higher scores mean worse outcome.

T25FW - Timed 25-foot walk test in seconds, Objective test (clinical), The more, the worse.

The T25-FW is a quantitative mobility and leg function performance test based on a timed 25-walk. The patient is directed to one end of a clearly marked 25-foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly as possible, but safely. The task is immediately administered again by having the patient walk back the same distance. Patients may use assistive devices when doing this task. The score for the T25-FW is the average of the two completed trials. Higher scores mean worse outcome.

PASAT - Paced Auditory Serial Addition in correct items from 0 - 60, Scale, The less, the worse.

The PASAT is a measure of cognitive function that assesses auditory information processing speed and flexibility, as well as calculation ability. The PASAT is presented using audio cassette tape or compact disk to ensure standardization in the rate of stimulus presentation. The score for the PASAT is the total number correct out of 60 possible answers. Higher scores mean better outcome.

PASAT - Paced Auditory Serial Addition in correct items from 0 - 60, Scale, The less, the worse.

The PASAT is a measure of cognitive function that assesses auditory information processing speed and flexibility, as well as calculation ability. The PASAT is presented using audio cassette tape or compact disk to ensure standardization in the rate of stimulus presentation. The score for the PASAT is the total number correct out of 60 possible answers. Higher scores mean better outcome.

PASAT - Paced Auditory Serial Addition in correct items from 0 - 60, Scale, The less, the worse.

The PASAT is a measure of cognitive function that assesses auditory information processing speed and flexibility, as well as calculation ability. The PASAT is presented using audio cassette tape or compact disk to ensure standardization in the rate of stimulus presentation. The score for the PASAT is the total number correct out of 60 possible answers. Higher scores mean better outcome.

PASAT - Paced Auditory Serial Addition in correct items from 0 - 60, Scale, The less, the worse.

The PASAT is a measure of cognitive function that assesses auditory information processing speed and flexibility, as well as calculation ability. The PASAT is presented using audio cassette tape or compact disk to ensure standardization in the rate of stimulus presentation. The score for the PASAT is the total number correct out of 60 possible answers. Higher scores mean better outcome.

PASAT - Paced Auditory Serial Addition in correct items from 0 - 60, Scale, The less, the worse.

The PASAT is a measure of cognitive function that assesses auditory information processing speed and flexibility, as well as calculation ability. The PASAT is presented using audio cassette tape or compact disk to ensure standardization in the rate of stimulus presentation. The score for the PASAT is the total number correct out of 60 possible answers. Higher scores mean better outcome.

SDMT - Symbol Digit Modalities Test in correct items from 0 - 110, Scale, The less, the worse.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is the most sensitive screening metric of neurocognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is consistently interpreted as a measure of information processing speed (IPS), attention and working memory. It is a paper-pencil measure which requires an individual to substitute digits for abstract symbols using a reference key. Higher scores mean better outcome.

SDMT - Symbol Digit Modalities Test in correct items from 0 - 110, Scale, The less, the worse.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is the most sensitive screening metric of neurocognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is consistently interpreted as a measure of information processing speed (IPS), attention and working memory. It is a paper-pencil measure which requires an individual to substitute digits for abstract symbols using a reference key. Higher scores mean better outcome.

SDMT - Symbol Digit Modalities Test in correct items from 0 - 110, Scale, The less, the worse.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is the most sensitive screening metric of neurocognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is consistently interpreted as a measure of information processing speed (IPS), attention and working memory. It is a paper-pencil measure which requires an individual to substitute digits for abstract symbols using a reference key. Higher scores mean better outcome.

SDMT - Symbol Digit Modalities Test in correct items from 0 - 110, Scale, The less, the worse.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is the most sensitive screening metric of neurocognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is consistently interpreted as a measure of information processing speed (IPS), attention and working memory. It is a paper-pencil measure which requires an individual to substitute digits for abstract symbols using a reference key. Higher scores mean better outcome.

SDMT - Symbol Digit Modalities Test in correct items from 0 - 110, Scale, The less, the worse.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is the most sensitive screening metric of neurocognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is consistently interpreted as a measure of information processing speed (IPS), attention and working memory. It is a paper-pencil measure which requires an individual to substitute digits for abstract symbols using a reference key. Higher scores mean better outcome.

The EQ-5D is a measure of self-reported health outcomes that is applicable to a wide range of health conditions and treatments. It consists of two parts: a descriptive system (Part I) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) (Part II). Part I of the scale consists of 5 single-item dimensions including: mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has a 3 point response scale designed to indicate the level of the problem. Part II uses a vertical graduated VAS (thermometer) to measure health status, ranging from worst imaginable health state to best imaginable health state. Descriptive data from the 5 dimensions of Part I can be used to generate a health-related quality of life profile for the subject. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Part II is scored from 0 to 100. The score from Part II can be used to track changes in health, on an individual or group level, over time. Higher scores mean better outcome.

The EQ-5D is a measure of self-reported health outcomes that is applicable to a wide range of health conditions and treatments. It consists of two parts: a descriptive system (Part I) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) (Part II). Part I of the scale consists of 5 single-item dimensions including: mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has a 3 point response scale designed to indicate the level of the problem. Part II uses a vertical graduated VAS (thermometer) to measure health status, ranging from worst imaginable health state to best imaginable health state. Descriptive data from the 5 dimensions of Part I can be used to generate a health-related quality of life profile for the subject. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Part II is scored from 0 to 100. The score from Part II can be used to track changes in health, on an individual or group level, over time. Higher scores mean better outcome.

The EQ-5D is a measure of self-reported health outcomes that is applicable to a wide range of health conditions and treatments. It consists of two parts: a descriptive system (Part I) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) (Part II). Part I of the scale consists of 5 single-item dimensions including: mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has a 3 point response scale designed to indicate the level of the problem. Part II uses a vertical graduated VAS (thermometer) to measure health status, ranging from worst imaginable health state to best imaginable health state. Descriptive data from the 5 dimensions of Part I can be used to generate a health-related quality of life profile for the subject. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Part II is scored from 0 to 100. The score from Part II can be used to track changes in health, on an individual or group level, over time. Higher scores mean better outcome.

The EQ-5D is a measure of self-reported health outcomes that is applicable to a wide range of health conditions and treatments. It consists of two parts: a descriptive system (Part I) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) (Part II). Part I of the scale consists of 5 single-item dimensions including: mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has a 3 point response scale designed to indicate the level of the problem. Part II uses a vertical graduated VAS (thermometer) to measure health status, ranging from worst imaginable health state to best imaginable health state. Descriptive data from the 5 dimensions of Part I can be used to generate a health-related quality of life profile for the subject. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Part II is scored from 0 to 100. The score from Part II can be used to track changes in health, on an individual or group level, over time. Higher scores mean better outcome.

The EQ-5D is a measure of self-reported health outcomes that is applicable to a wide range of health conditions and treatments. It consists of two parts: a descriptive system (Part I) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) (Part II). Part I of the scale consists of 5 single-item dimensions including: mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has a 3 point response scale designed to indicate the level of the problem. Part II uses a vertical graduated VAS (thermometer) to measure health status, ranging from worst imaginable health state to best imaginable health state. Descriptive data from the 5 dimensions of Part I can be used to generate a health-related quality of life profile for the subject. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Part II is scored from 0 to 100. The score from Part II can be used to track changes in health, on an individual or group level, over time. Higher scores mean better outcome.

FES - Falls Efficacy Scale in points from 0 - 100, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The FES is a questionnaire assessing the confidence level individuals have in performing daily activities without falling. The FES is a 10 item scale where each item is rated on a scale of 1-10. A score of 10 signifies no confidence in these activities; a score of 1 indicates confidence. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Out of a total score of 100, a score of 70 or above indicates the individual has a fear of falling.

FES - Falls Efficacy Scale in points from 0 - 100, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The FES is a questionnaire assessing the confidence level individuals have in performing daily activities without falling. The FES is a 10 item scale where each item is rated on a scale of 1-10. A score of 10 signifies no confidence in these activities; a score of 1 indicates confidence. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Out of a total score of 100, a score of 70 or above indicates the individual has a fear of falling.

FES - Falls Efficacy Scale in points from 0 - 100, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The FES is a questionnaire assessing the confidence level individuals have in performing daily activities without falling. The FES is a 10 item scale where each item is rated on a scale of 1-10. A score of 10 signifies no confidence in these activities; a score of 1 indicates confidence. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Out of a total score of 100, a score of 70 or above indicates the individual has a fear of falling.

FES - Falls Efficacy Scale in points from 0 - 100, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The FES is a questionnaire assessing the confidence level individuals have in performing daily activities without falling. The FES is a 10 item scale where each item is rated on a scale of 1-10. A score of 10 signifies no confidence in these activities; a score of 1 indicates confidence. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Out of a total score of 100, a score of 70 or above indicates the individual has a fear of falling.

FES - Falls Efficacy Scale in points from 0 - 100, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The FES is a questionnaire assessing the confidence level individuals have in performing daily activities without falling. The FES is a 10 item scale where each item is rated on a scale of 1-10. A score of 10 signifies no confidence in these activities; a score of 1 indicates confidence. Higher scores mean worse outcome. Out of a total score of 100, a score of 70 or above indicates the individual has a fear of falling.

ABC - Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale in points from 0 - 150, Questionnaire, The less, the worse Perceived balance confidence was evaluated by Activity Balance Confidence scale (ABC). This test assesses the self-reported patient´s level of confidence while performing a continuum of less and more challenging 16 common daily activities. Higher scores mean better outcome. A score of > 80% indicates high level of functioning

ABC - Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale in points from 0 - 150, Questionnaire, The less, the worse Perceived balance confidence was evaluated by Activity Balance Confidence scale (ABC). This test assesses the self-reported patient´s level of confidence while performing a continuum of less and more challenging 16 common daily activities. Higher scores mean better outcome. A score of > 80% indicates high level of functioning

ABC - Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale in points from 0 - 150, Questionnaire, The less, the worse Perceived balance confidence was evaluated by Activity Balance Confidence scale (ABC). This test assesses the self-reported patient´s level of confidence while performing a continuum of less and more challenging 16 common daily activities. Higher scores mean better outcome. A score of > 80% indicates high level of functioning

ABC - Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale in points from 0 - 150, Questionnaire, The less, the worse Perceived balance confidence was evaluated by Activity Balance Confidence scale (ABC). This test assesses the self-reported patient´s level of confidence while performing a continuum of less and more challenging 16 common daily activities. Higher scores mean better outcome. A score of > 80% indicates high level of functioning

ABC - Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale in points from 0 - 150, Questionnaire, The less, the worse Perceived balance confidence was evaluated by Activity Balance Confidence scale (ABC). This test assesses the self-reported patient´s level of confidence while performing a continuum of less and more challenging 16 common daily activities. Higher scores mean better outcome. A score of > 80% indicates high level of functioning

BDI-II - The Beck Depression Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is a widely clinically used 21-item self-reported scale to evaluate the severity of depression. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is self-reported 21-scale to evaluate the level of anxiety. Both of scales minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 63. Higher scores mean worse outcome

BDI-II - The Beck Depression Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is a widely clinically used 21-item self-reported scale to evaluate the severity of depression. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is self-reported 21-scale to evaluate the level of anxiety. Both of scales minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 63. Higher scores mean worse outcome

BDI-II - The Beck Depression Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is a widely clinically used 21-item self-reported scale to evaluate the severity of depression. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is self-reported 21-scale to evaluate the level of anxiety. Both of scales minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 63. Higher scores mean worse outcome

BDI-II - The Beck Depression Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is a widely clinically used 21-item self-reported scale to evaluate the severity of depression. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is self-reported 21-scale to evaluate the level of anxiety. Both of scales minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 63. Higher scores mean worse outcome

BDI-II - The Beck Depression Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is a widely clinically used 21-item self-reported scale to evaluate the severity of depression. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is self-reported 21-scale to evaluate the level of anxiety. Both of scales minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 63. Higher scores mean worse outcome

BAI - The Beck Anxiety Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse

BAI - The Beck Anxiety Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse

BAI - The Beck Anxiety Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse

BAI - The Beck Anxiety Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse

BAI - The Beck Anxiety Inventory in points from 0 - 63, Questionnaire, The more, the worse

MoCA - Montreal cognitive assessment in points from 0 - 30, Scale, The less, the worse.

MoCA is a widely used screening assessment for detecting cognitive impairment. This test consists of 30 points and takes part in 10 minutes from the individual. The Montreal test is performed in seven steps, which may change in some countries dependent on education and culture. The basics of this test include short-term memory, executable performance, attention and focus. Higher scores mean better outcome.

MoCA - Montreal cognitive assessment in points from 0 - 30, Scale, The less, the worse.

MoCA is a widely used screening assessment for detecting cognitive impairment. This test consists of 30 points and takes part in 10 minutes from the individual. The Montreal test is performed in seven steps, which may change in some countries dependent on education and culture. The basics of this test include short-term memory, executable performance, attention and focus. Higher scores mean better outcome.

MoCA - Montreal cognitive assessment in points from 0 - 30, Scale, The less, the worse.

MoCA is a widely used screening assessment for detecting cognitive impairment. This test consists of 30 points and takes part in 10 minutes from the individual. The Montreal test is performed in seven steps, which may change in some countries dependent on education and culture. The basics of this test include short-term memory, executable performance, attention and focus. Higher scores mean better outcome.

MoCA - Montreal cognitive assessment in points from 0 - 30, Scale, The less, the worse.

MoCA is a widely used screening assessment for detecting cognitive impairment. This test consists of 30 points and takes part in 10 minutes from the individual. The Montreal test is performed in seven steps, which may change in some countries dependent on education and culture. The basics of this test include short-term memory, executable performance, attention and focus. Higher scores mean better outcome.

MoCA - Montreal cognitive assessment in points from 0 - 30, Scale, The less, the worse.

MoCA is a widely used screening assessment for detecting cognitive impairment. This test consists of 30 points and takes part in 10 minutes from the individual. The Montreal test is performed in seven steps, which may change in some countries dependent on education and culture. The basics of this test include short-term memory, executable performance, attention and focus. Higher scores mean better outcome.