Effect of Resistance Exercise on Energy Balance and Appetite Regulation in Males and Females

The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., "How hungry do you feel?"), satisfaction (i.e., "How satisfied do you feel?"), fullness (i.e., "How full do you feel?"), prospective food consumption (i.e., "How much do you think you can eat?"), and nausea (i.e., "How nauseous do you feel?"), with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.".

acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL

PYY in pg/mL

lactate in mmol/L

Participants will be required to record their diet for the day before, the current day (include following exercise ad-libitum), and the day following the experiment. The energy intake include absolute energy intake and relative energy intake .

Cortisol mcg/dL

Energy expenditure will include resting energy expenditure (REE), exercise energy expenditure, and non-exercise energy expenditure. REE will be measured using indirect calorimetry (MetaLyzer 3B; VO₂ and VCO₂ exchange). Exercise energy expenditure will be recorded during the resistance exercise session, and non-exercise energy expenditure will be assessed using an accelerometer. Total energy expenditure will be calculated as the sum of these components.

Energy balance will be calculated as total energy intake (EI) minus total energy expenditure (TEE).

Total energy intake will include energy consumed during the laboratory ad-libitum meal and energy intake recorded outside the laboratory during the monitoring period.

Total energy expenditure will include resting energy expenditure, exercise energy expenditure, and non-exercise energy expenditure, as previously described.

Energy balance will be expressed in kilocalories (kcal), with positive values indicating energy surplus and negative values indicating energy deficit.

Explicit liking A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How pleasant would it be to taste some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely."

Explicit wanting A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How much do you want some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely."

Implicit wanting Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The implicit wanting calculation involves further consideration of response time data based on preference choices using a standardized equation.

Relative preference Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?".

Taste appeal bias Taste preference (savoury or sweet) is calculated by subtracting the mean savory scores from the mean sweet scores. Positive values suggest a preference for sweet foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between taste categories.

Fat appeal bias Fat preference (high or low) is calculated by subtracting the mean low-fat scores from the mean high-fat scores. Positive values suggest a preference for high-fat foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for low-fat or savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between fat content.

Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) will be assessed using the Borg Category-Ratio 10 (CR10) scale during resistance exercise.

The scale ranges from 1 to 10, where 1 indicates very light exertion and 10 indicates maximal exertion. Higher scores represent greater perceived exercise intensity.

HR will be measured during each study intervention. HRV (Heart Rate Variability) will be measured during each study intervention.

Estradiol (E2) concentration in pg/mL, measured from blood samples. Baseline measurements will be used to confirm menstrual cycle phase for each trial.

Progesterone (P4) concentration in ng/mL (or nmol/L), measured from blood samples. Baseline hormone levels will be assessed at each trial.

Concentric peak velocity (m/s) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise.

Concentric mean velocity (m/s) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise.

Eccentric peak velocity (m/s) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise.

Concentric mean power (W) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise.

Mean concentric power normalized to body mass (W/kg) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise.

Concentric work (J) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise.

Velocity loss (%) across sets during resistance exercise will be calculated using data obtained from the Gymaware system.