Effect of Oketani Breast Massage on Promoting Breastfeeding

It will be adopted from (Jensen et al, 1994) to assess primipara women's need for breastfeeding support, it is numbered from zero to ten, and getting a score of less than ten offers the women's need for more support during breastfeeding. The letters of the acronym LATCH appoint separate areas of assessment: L (Latch) for how well the infant latches onto the breast; A (Audible swallowing) refers the amount of audible swallowing noted while nursing the neonate; T (Type of nipple) for the women's nipple type; C (Comfort) for the women's level of comfort regarding the breast and nipple; and H (Hold) indicates to whether or not the women need help in positioning the infant.

Scoring system:

The system assigns a numerical score, 0, 1, or 2, to five key statements. LATCH score of poor (0 to 3), moderate (4 to 7), and good (8 to 10)

It will be adopted from (Matthews, 1988) to assess the infant state and contains four statements as the following: (1) infant readiness to feed/reusability, (2) rooting, (3) fixing (the time needed to latch to the breast), and (4) the sucking pattern.

Scoring system:

Each item is scored on a scale of 0-3, with minimum and maximum scores of 0 to 12, respectively. A score of 10-12 refers to completely successful breastfeeding behavior, a score of 7-9 indicates relatively successful breastfeeding behavior and a score of 0-6 suggests unsuccessful breastfeeding behavior.

It will be adopted by (Dennis et al., 2011) to measure breastfeeding confidence. The short form scale contains 14 statements as (I think I can always breastfeed my baby without using formula as a supplement, I think I can always keep wanting to breastfeed, ….. etc) that are scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from very confident (score 5) to never confident (score 1). The minimum on this scale is 14 and the maximum possible score is 70. The total scores breastfeeding self-efficacy ranged from 14 to 70 then the level of self-efficacy categorized as the following:

O Low self-efficacy < 60% (14- 41) O Medium self-efficacy 60% to <75% (42 - 51) O High self-efficacy ≥ 75% (52 - 70).

It will be adopted from (Hill and Humenick,1994). Breast engorgement was graded on a scale of 1 to 6. Each score represented the following description: (1) soft and no changes in the breast, (2) small changes in the breast, (3) firm and no tender breast, (4) firm and beginning tenderness in the breast, (5) firm and tender of the breast, and (6) very firm and tender.

Scoring system:

Score 1 signifies normal breast (no engorgement). Score 2 and 3 signifies mild breast engorgement. Score 4 and 5 signifies moderate breast engorgement. Score 6 signifies severe breast engorgement.