Effect of Norepinephrine Infusion on Hepatic Blood Flow During Goal-directed Haemodynamic Therapy.

All patients receive standardized anesthesia care for pancreas surgery according to the existing departmental protocol for these interventions.

All patients receive individualized goal-directed haemodynamic therapy based on the transpulmonary thermodilution technique.

At designated times, hemodynamic variables will be recorded. These include:

• Heart rate (bpm)
• Central venous pressure (mmHg)
• Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)
• Cardiac index (L/min/m2)
• Pulse pressure variation (PPV)

Blood flow and pressure measurements performed by the surgeon :

• Hepatic flow : hepatic artery (HAF) and portal vein (PVF)
• Pressure measurements in portal vein (PPorta) and caval vein (PCava)

Both flow and pressure will be simultaneously recorded. To minimize the effect of ventilation on pressure, these measurements will be obtained during apnea.

Between each flow measurement there will be a minimum of 5 minutes.

NOR will be started at 0,1 mcg/kg/min and titrated according to its haemodynamic effect. After baseline MAP (which is > 60 mmHg), NOR is targeted according baseline MAP. At T2, MAP is between 10 - 20 % above baseline (T1), at T3 MAP is between 20 - 30 % above baseline (T1).

Inclusion criteria

• Adult ≥ 18 years ≤ 80 years (female or male)
• ASA I - II - III
• Able to comprehend, sign and date the written informed consent document to participate in the clinical trial.
• Patient is scheduled for pancreatic surgery.

Exclusion criteria

• Allergy to the medication.
• Renal insufficiency (SCr > 2 mg/dL).
• Severe heart failure (EF < 25%).
• Hemodynamic instable patients.
• Atrial fibrillation.
• Sepsis.
• BMI > 40.
• Severe coagulopathy (INR > 2).
• Thrombocytopenia (< 80 x 103 /mcL).
• End stage liver disease.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding women