Effect of Narrative Education on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care

This single-center, parallel-group randomized controlled trial will be conducted in a primary care family health center. After eligibility assessment and written informed consent, participants will be randomized 1:1 to the Narrative Education Group (intervention) or the Standard Care Group (control). Randomization will be generated by an independent third person not involved in the conduct of the study using computer-based block randomization (block size 4 or 6). Allocation concealment will be ensured using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes opened in the presence of the participant after consent. Because of the nature of the intervention, participants and the clinician delivering the sessions cannot be blinded; however, data entry and statistical analyses will be performed using coded groups.

Both groups will continue to receive routine diabetes management provided by the family physician and/or relevant specialists; the study protocol will not dictate medication initiation or changes. The control group will not receive any additional structured education sessions beyond routine counseling.

Participants in the intervention group will receive a structured narrative education program over approximately 3 months, consisting of two individual face-to-face sessions (about 20-30 minutes) at Day 0 and Day 15 and four brief telephone reinforcement calls (about 3-5 minutes) at Days 30, 45, 60, and 75. Face-to-face sessions emphasize the patient's personal experience of living with diabetes using open-ended reflective questions, with the goal of increasing awareness, identifying barriers, and setting small, achievable behavior goals. Telephone calls are used for reinforcement and appointment reminders; no measurements or questionnaires are administered during these calls.

Assessments will be performed at baseline (Day 0) and at 3 months (Day 90). At both time points, HbA1c and BMI will be recorded, and the SDSCA-TR and PAID-5-TR questionnaires will be administered. The primary outcome is the absolute change in HbA1c from Day 0 to Day 90. Secondary outcomes are changes in SDSCA-TR, PAID-5-TR, and BMI from Day 0 to Day 90. Process indicators (e.g., adherence to planned sessions and Day 90 follow-up rate) will also be reported.

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥ 18 years
• Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus for at least 1 year
• HbA1c ≥ 7.0% measured within the last 3 months prior to enrollment
• Followed in the study family health center and reachable by telephone
• Able to read and write (or able to complete questionnaires with investigator assistance)
• Provides written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, or secondary diabetes
• Acute infection or hospitalization within the last 2 weeks
• Major surgery or blood transfusion within the last 3 months
• Active malignancy or current systemic steroid/immunosuppressive therapy
• Significant cognitive impairment preventing participation
• Current participation in another structured diabetes education program