Effect of Monitoring Devices on Healthcare Provider Performance During Neonatal Resuscitation

The investigators aim to study 93 resuscitations of very preterm infants (23+0-31+6 weeks), in consecutive groups of 31. First, as a baseline, 31 infants will be resuscitated using the standard approach, with vital signs monitoring only. Subsequently, 31 infants will be resuscitation with the addition of Respiratory Function Monitor (RFM) to measure VT. Finally, 31 infants will be resuscitated using vital signs monitor, RFM, and cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Study participants will be health care providers, and the primary endpoint is based on the recruitment of 93 team leaders (31 in each group). Other team members will also be recruited, to an estimate of 3-5 team members per resuscitation in total (N=279 to 465). Throughout the study, HCPs will be trained to incorporate the use of RFM and NIRS in their resuscitation decision-making, using a combination of weekly in-situ simulations and incorporation of NIRS and RFM teaching into ongoing resuscitation team educational sessions and practice updates. Suggested tidal volume and NIRS goals will be posted as cognitive aids in the resuscitation rooms throughout the study. This sequential approach will allow for resuscitation teams to become acclimatized to the use of RFM and NIRS as routine practice. The sequential approach will also allow the investigators to study time-based changes in perceived mental workload as teams acclimatize to the use of additional monitoring.

After each resuscitation, all team members involved will be asked to complete a brief workload questionnaire (NASA-Task Load Index), which will be linked to the resuscitation. Resuscitations will be video-recorded for analysis of i) resuscitation steps required (e.g. basic steps, bag-mask ventilation, endotracheal intubation, chest compressions, medications), and ii) frequency of use of additional monitoring data (RFM, NIRS) for decision-making. In a subset of resuscitations, the team leader will also be equipped with eye-tracking glasses to record visual attention and pupillary dilatation, and Empatica wristband to record the team leader's heart rate and EDA. Parents of the infants will then be approached for permission to collect more detailed information for the infant's resuscitation and subsequent hospitalization.

Data will be analyzed to compare i) team leader subjective mental workload, ii) composite team mental workload, iii) other workload measures (physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, frustration), iii) percentage of visual attention focused on infant, monitoring devices, and other HCPs, iv) frequency of visual access to each monitor display type (vital signs, RFM, NIRS), iv) respiratory function (VT, PIP), v) cerebral NIRS, vi) time to placement of monitoring probes (ECG leads, pulse oximetry, cerebral NIRS), vii) time to first reading for each monitoring device, and viii) time to target HR and SpO2. The primary outcome will be the perceived mental workload of the team leader. Data will be compared between the three groups. In addition, time-dependent changes in team leader and composite mental workload will also be analyzed using a run chart approach. Deferred consent will be obtained from each infant's parents / guardians for collection of hospital course data including: i) incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage, ii) respiratory supports needed, iii) bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks, iv) death / survival to discharge.

Inclusion criteria

• HCPs participating in resuscitations of very preterm infants (23+0-31+6 weeks) at the Royal Alexandra Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), a Level III NICU will be included.
• Multiple gestations will be analyzed individually as separate resuscitations. HCPs will include different levels of experience and different disciplines (registered nurses, advance practice nurses, respiratory therapists, neonatal nurse practitioners, pediatric residents, neonatal fellows, clinical associates, and neonatal consultants).
• All HCPs who participate in the resuscitation, regardless of role, will be eligible for completion of NASA-TLX surveys.
• Participants who act as team leader will be eligible to be fitted with eye-tracking glasses to record their visual attention and Empatica E4 wristbands to measure physiological stress measurements.
• For resuscitated infants, hospital outcomes will be included with parental consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Teams involved in the resuscitation of infants born with congenital malformations, or involved in the care of infants for whom active resuscitation is not planned (i.e., comfort care only for periviable gestations) will be excluded.
• Teams who do not consent to participate will also be excluded.