Effect of Maternal Kisses on Pain, Anxiety, and Fear

Method

Type of study

The design of this study was a randomised controlled experimental study with a single blind pre-test post-test control group. The study was conducted according to CONSORT guidelines.

Hypotheses H01: Mother's kiss during invasive intervention has no effect on pain.

H11: Mother's kiss during invasive intervention has an effect on pain.

H02: Mother's kiss during invasive intervention has no effect on anxiety.

H12: Mother's kiss during invasive intervention has an effect on anxiety.

H03: Mother's kiss during invasive intervention has no effect on fear.

H13: Mother's kiss during invasive intervention has an effect on fear.

Population and Sample

The population of the study consisted of 124 children aged 5-7 years who applied to a private pediatric gastroenterology clinic for diagnosis and treatment between 11 January 2023 and 5 May 2023, and the sample consisted of 84 children. The minimum sample size was calculated with GPower 3.1 Statistical Software. Since the effect size could not be determined in a similar study, a pilot study was conducted with a total of 10 people, five people per group in the intervention and control groups. Pilot applications were not included in the study afterwards. In line with the data obtained from the pilot study, the effect size calculated using the mean and standard deviation of the fear level scores of the children in the intervention and control groups at the 5th minute was d:0.73. Accordingly, for an effect size of d:0.73, alpha:0.05 and 1-alpha:0.95, the number of people to be sampled within each group was determined as 42 and 84 in total. The study was completed with a total of 84 participants. As a result of the PostHoc power analysis performed after the data were collected, the power of the test was determined as 99.9% with 95% confidence (1-alpha), d=0.97 effect size and n=84 participants. The effect size used in the PostHoc analysis was calculated by using the mean and standard deviation of the fear level scores of the children in the intervention and control groups at the 5th minute.

Application

After obtaining the necessary permissions, the data were collected by the researcher through face-to-face interviews. The eligibility of the children and their parents who were admitted to the pediatric gastroenterology clinic and decided to undergo invasive intervention after examination were evaluated. Then, the verbal consent of the children who volunteered to participate in the study and met the inclusion criteria and the written consent of the mothers were obtained. Stratified randomisation method was used to assign the children to the groups. Then, according to the type of intervention to be applied, the child and the parent were included in the relevant section. Blood collection and observation rooms, where invasive interventions are performed, are separated by a screen for one person and designed to protect privacy. All data collection tools except the pain scale were administered to the children in the intervention and control groups as pretest. Mother's kiss was applied to the intervention group. The control group underwent invasive intervention with the standard method. Before the application, it was checked whether the parents had oral ulcers. The parents of the children in the intervention group were informed about the process before the application. Immediately after the invasive procedure was finished, the parent was asked to approach his/her child and say, "Let me kiss you and make it better" and to kiss his/her child from a point not close to where the invasive procedure was performed. Kisses were delivered by mother, free of oral ulcers, with a standard 5-second pressing of both lips on the affected body part followed by an exaggerated puckering sound. Pain, fear and anxiety scales were re-administered to both groups at the 1st and 5th minutes after the application. Invasive interventions were performed by the researchers who had been working as nurses for 4 years and by the medical doctor. The same procedures were repeated for each child who met the inclusion criteria. The parents of the children in the control group remained in the same environment with their child during the invasive intervention. After the application process was completed, the children in the control group were also provided with the mother's kiss application.

Data Evaluation

The data of the study were evaluated using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (23.0) programme in computer environment. The conformity of the data to normal distribution was evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk tests. Number, percentage, mean, standard deviation were used in data analysis, and chi-square test was used to determine homogeneity in categorical variables. Since the data were normally distributed, repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction was used for intra-group comparisons and independent samples t test was used for inter-group comparisons. The significance level was determined as p<0.05.

Ethical Aspects of the Study

The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics committee permission was obtained from Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University Health Sciences Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee (Date: 18.10.2022, Number:2022-9). Then, permission was obtained from the clinic where the study would be conducted. Before the data were collected, the children and their parents were informed about the purpose and scope of the study and their verbal consent was obtained by asking whether they agreed to participate in the study, and the written consent of the parents who agreed to participate in the study was obtained through the Informed Voluntary Consent Form. Patient rights and privacy as well as ethical rules were observed throughout the whole process.

Inclusion criteria

(Mother)

• Being over 18 years of age
• Speaking Turkish
• Having two lips with which to apply the kiss
• Written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

(Mother)

• Having oral ulcers
• Accused or convicted of child abuse or neglect

Inclusion criteria

(Child)

• Being in the age range of 5-7 years
• Admission to pediatric gastroenterology clinic for diagnosis and treatment
• Stable general condition
• Invasive intervention performed in a single attempt
• Not having visual and hearing problems
• Not having any pain (due to illness, side effects of medication, distension)
• Not having a chronic disease (kidney, diabetes, etc.) that requires frequent invasive intervention
• Being at the level of mental development to answer the questions asked
• Speaking and understanding Turkish easily
• Volunteering to participate in the study

Exclusion criteria

(Child)

• Having a history of epilepsy, vertigo and neurological diseases
• History of syncope during blood collection
• Having a disease that causes chronic pain
• Complications during invasive intervention (allergy, syncope, etc.)
• Being in life-threatening condition and taken to the resuscitation room
• Deciding that the child is a forensic case after the examination
• In the intervention group, the parent makes an intervention other than kissing the child within 5 minutes
• In the control group, the parent makes any intervention to his/her child within 5 minutes