Effect of Lactobacillus Paracasei PS23 on Improving Aging and Muscle Loss in the Elderly

Use dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, DXA (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, IL, USA) for no-entry measurement to determine muscle mass

30 seconds chair stand test will be used as a self-test. Number of stands will be counted.

Use the armed grip machine to measure, hold each of the left and right hands three times until they are weak, and record the maximum value

The GAD-7 Anxiety Questionnaire involves 7 items assessing how often participants have felt bothered by anxiety-related problems over the past two weeks. Each item is rated on a Likert scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0-21; where 0-4 = minimal anxiety; 5-9 = mild anxiety; 10-14 = moderate anxiety; 15-21 = severe anxiety

It consists of 30 questions questioning the mood in the last week. This short form consists of 15 questions questioning the mood of the patient. The answers are given according to the feelings in the last week; The answers are "yes" or "no" and 1 point is given for "yes" or "no" answers depending on the question. For the long form: Normal 0 - 10, Mild 11 - 20, Moderate to Severe 21 - 30.For the short form: Normal 0 - 4, Mild 5 - 9, Moderate to Severe 10 - 15.

Participants who receive app-CBT will have greater improvement on quality of life, assessed using The Quality of Life, Enjoyment, and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q). The Q-LES-Q-SF is a self-report measure of subjective quality of life, containing Likert items ranging from 1 (Very Poor) to 5 (Very Good). Total scores are presented as a percentage of the maximum value (i.e., ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater quality of life).

Visual Analogue Scale for GI symptoms, VAS-GI (visual analogue scale, VAS 0-10) was designed to measure the response of symptoms and well-being in patients after taking probiotics

The PGIC is a scale participants use to rate the level of change they have experienced following treatment. The PGIC is a 7-point scale from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse).

Use a pyramid and a measuring tape to measure a distance of ten meters, and ask the subject to stand up from the chair, go around the pyramid and sit down, and record the time

Use dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, DXA (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, IL, USA) for no-entry measurement to determine fat percentage

To evaluate static balance ability

To evaluate functional walking ability

To evaluate lower-limb strength and flexibility

2-min step test to assess the functional capacity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Safety is assessed function of liver and kidney such as AST (8-38 IU/L).

Safety is assessed function of liver and kidney such as ALT (4-44 IU/L)

Safety is assessed function of liver and kidney such as Bun (6-20 mg/dl)

Safety is assessed function of liver and kidney such as Creatinine (0.6-1.3 mg/dl)

To assess inflammation indicators, used commercial kit human Testosterone (Cayman, Mich, USA) and Elisa reader (PerkinElmer, Massachusetts, USA) for analysis Male 265-923 (in ng/dl) Female 15-70 (in ng/dl) for 19 years and older

To assess inflammation indicators, used commercial kit human CRP (Cayman, Mich, USA) and Elisa reader (PerkinElmer, Massachusetts, USA) for analysis

Collect the DNA of fecal flora to test the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota in Stool samples before and after probiotics

Level of Growth Differentiation Factor-15

Change in fasting glucose

the measurement of serum IL-6 level in blood

A serum level of TNF-a was determined by quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) guided by to the manufacturer's instructions. The intensity of the color was measured at 490 nm.