Effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise on Blood Pressure in Pregnant Women

Hypertension during pregnancy is a major public health concern associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity, and long-term cardiovascular risk. Women with chronic hypertension are at higher risk of complications such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, and adverse neonatal outcomes. In addition, growing evidence suggests that hypertensive disorders of pregnancy may also be associated with long-term alterations in cardiovascular function and cognitive performance.During pregnancy, physiological changes in blood pressure regulation and vascular function may further complicate the management of hypertension. Pharmacological treatment options are limited due to potential risks for the fetus, highlighting the need for safe and effective non-pharmacological strategies.Physical exercise is recognized as an effective approach to reduce blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health in the general population. Among the different exercise modalities, isometric exercise has shown particularly promising effects in reducing blood pressure, with a low cardiovascular load. This modality may therefore represent an attractive option for pregnant women, as it can be performed safely with minimal physiological stress. However, despite these potential benefits, the effects and safety of isometric exercise during pregnancy, particularly in hypertensive women, remain poorly understood.In addition to cardiovascular alterations, hypertension during pregnancy may impact cognitive function, potentially through changes in cerebral perfusion and vascular regulation. Although physical activity has been associated with improvements in cognitive performance in the general population, the acute effects of exercise on cognitive function during pregnancy have not been well established.The aims of this study are:First, to evaluate the effect of isometric handgrip exercise on 24-hour blood pressure in pregnant women with and without chronic hypertension.Second, to compare cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise between normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women, including brachial and central blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and heart rate.Third, to examine differences in cognitive performance between normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women, and to explore the relationship between cardiovascular responses and cognitive outcomes.

Inclusion criteria

• Pregnant women covered by the French National Health Insurance system
• Pregnant women who do not object to participation in the study
• Women belonging to one of the following two groups:
• Women with chronic hypertension present before pregnancy (diagnosed within the past 5 years), defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, without antihypertensive treatment
• Normotensive pregnant women, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 90 mmHg before pregnancy

Exclusion criteria

• Current treatment for chronic or gestational hypertension
• Known cardiovascular disease other than chronic hypertension
• Age under 18 years
• Persons deprived of liberty
• Inability to speak or adequately understand French
• Persons hospitalized without consent who are not subject to legal protection measures, and persons admitted to a health or social institution for purposes other than research
• Persons currently excluded from participation in another research study
• Persons under judicial protection or guardianship Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• Severe or extreme obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m²)
• Thyroid disease
• Heavy smoking