Effect of Inhaled Technosphere Insulin vs RAA Insulin on Exercise-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With T1D Using Automated Insulin Delivery

The study is a 3-period randomized crossover trial, each with a structured afternoon exercise session following a standard lunch meal.

9 participants completed Phase 1 sessions which included (1) TI for meal bolus with pump in sleep mode, (2) RAA for meal bolus with pump in sleep mode, and (3) RAA for meal bolus with pump in standard mode with transition to exercise mode one hour before start of exercise.

21 participants will complete the Phase 2 sessions which will include: (1) TI for meal bolus with pump in exercies mode, (2) TI for meal air bolus (i.e., the infusion set is disconnected from the pump and the TI bolus and carbohydrates are reported in the system but no pump insulin is administered) with pump in exercise mode, and (3) RAA for meal bolus with pump in exercise mode.

The study is being done to compare the efficacy and safety of TI versus RAA given as bolus for meal prior to initiating aerobic exercise in adults ≥18 to ≤ 65 years of age with T1D using Control-IQ.

All participants will complete 3 exercise sessions, with the order determined through randomization. Participants who complete Phase 1 may also participate in Phase 2 if they choose to.

Inclusion criteria

• Ability to provide informed consent for study participation
• Age ≥18 years to 65 years
• Clinical diagnosis of T1D (per the Investigator)
• Using Tandem t:slim X2 or Tandem Mobi insulin pump with Control-IQ for at least 90 days prior to screening visit
• Using insulin aspart or insulin lispro in Tandem insulin pump
• Total daily insulin dose 20 to 80 units
• Usual RAA insulin bolus for 50 gram carbohydrate lunch meal is ≤12 units
• Physically active, with at least 3 moderate or vigorous exercise sessions ≥30 minutes per typical week self-reported by participant
• No medical, psychiatric, or other conditions, or medications being taken that in the Investigator's judgement would be a safety concern for participation in the study
• No electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormality that in the judgment of the investigator, which will take into consideration the usual exercise performed by the participant and their overall medical condition, increases the risk of exercise
• Investigator believes that the participant can safely follow the protocol
• Able to read and understand written and spoken English or Spanish

Exclusion criteria

• Use of inhaled insulin within one week prior to screening visit
• History of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or any other clinically important pulmonary disease (e.g., cystic fibrosis or bronchopulmonary dysplasia), or significant congenital or acquired cardiopulmonary disease as judged by the Investigator
• Smoking (includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes, marijuana, and vaping devices) within 90 days prior to screening visit and no plans to smoke during the study
• History or current diagnosis of lung cancer
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) measurement of <70% of predicted Global Lung Function Initiative value
• Pregnant or lactating, planning to become pregnant during the study, or is of childbearing potential and not on acceptable form of birth control (acceptable includes abstinence, condoms, oral/injectable contraceptives, IUD, or implant); childbearing potential means that menstruation has started, and the participant is not surgically sterile or greater than 12 months post-menopausal)

• A pregnancy test is required for any person of childbearing potential.
• An event of severe hypoglycemia, as judged by the Investigator, within the 90 days prior to screening visit
• An episode of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as defined in section 5.2 within the 90 days prior to screening visit
• Any disease other than diabetes or current use (or anticipated use during the study) of any medication (e.g., beta blocker) that, in the judgment of the Investigator, may substantially impact glucose metabolism
• Use of a non-insulin glucose-lowering medication (or weight-reduction medication with glucose-lowering effect) within 4 weeks prior to screening visit
• Exposure to any investigational drug in the 90 days prior to the screening visit
• Current or anticipated acute uses of oral, inhaled, or injectable glucocorticoids during the time period of the study (topical or intranasal glucocorticoid use is acceptable)
• Current use of Hydroxyurea medication
• Current or anticipated use of a low carbohydrate diet (<50 grams/day) or low calorie diet (<800 kcal/day) during the time period of the study
• Current treatment for diabetic retinopathy
• Known stage 4/5 chronic kidney disease or on dialysis
• Having a direct supervisor at place of employment who is directly involved in conducting the clinical trial (as a study Investigator, coordinator, etc.); or having a first-degree relative who is directly involved in conducting the study