Effect of Hypericum Perforatum Oil on Ecchymosis and Pain

Low molecular weight heparin is a drug with anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects. This drug is frequently administered subcutaneously to patients by nurses. Complications such as pain, ecchymosis and hematoma may commonly occur at the injection site. This study investigated the effect of Hypericum Perforatum oil in preventing pain and ecchymosis after subcutaneous injection low molecular weight heparin. This quasi-experimental and single blinded study was conducted with 160 patients in a coronary intensive care unit. The researcher nurse applied 5-6 drops of Hypericum Perforatum oil to one arm of the patients 2 hours before the injection. The other arm of the patient was considered as the control arm. A total of 320 injections were administered. The evaluation of the injection sites was performed by two other researchers at 48th hours. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and McNemar test.

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Key information

Conditions

Pain Blood Coagulation Disorders Ecchymosis Hematologic Diseases Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases Hemorrhage Neurologic Manifestations Pathologic Processes Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms Skin Manifestations

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Hatice Demirdağ

Üsküdar, Istanbul, 34672, Turkey (Türkiye)

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Over 18 years of age
Normal platelet value,
Normal international normalised ratio (INR) and prothrombin time (PTZ) values,
No infection, scar tissue or incision in the lateral upper arm

Exclusion criteria

Pregnancy
Administration of haemodialysis

Treatment and study plan

Topical hypericum perforatum oil intervention

Other

The research nurse working in the CICU applied 5-6 drops of hypericum perforatum oil on one arm of the patient with a patting motion 2 hours before the injection. The area was left open for the oil to be absorbed. Only this nurse who administered the injection knows on which arm the oil was applied.

Primary outcomes

Pain point

Time frame: 48 hours after injection

The patient's pain was evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 48 hours after the injection. Visual Analogue Scale is a reliable pain assessment scale to determine the pain felt by patients at the injection site. The VAS is a self-report scale consisting of a horizontal line (10 cm long) with anchor points "no pain" and "worst possible pain". The patient is asked to mark the place on this line that best describes the intensity of pain. A marking of "0" means "no pain". Marking "10" means "'intolerable pain". In this way, the patient scores his/her pain between 1-10.
Ecchymosis

Time frame: 48 hours after injection

Ecchymosis was evaluated at 48th hours after injection in the study. A transparent ruler that allows millimetric measurement was used to measure the ecchymosis at the injection site. The discoloration at the injection site was measured in millimeter. Ecchymosis was defined as an area of discolored skin of more than 2 mm appearing 48th hours after administration. The maximum horizontal extent (diameter) of the bruise was recorded regardless of whether the bruise was regular or uneven in shape at the time of measurement. According to previous studies, bruise size was analyzed according to 3 categories: no bruise (0-1 mm), small bruise (2-5 mm) and large bruise (>5 mm). In our study, bruises >2 mm in size was accepted as ecchymosis.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Uskudar University

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Effect of Hypericum Perforatum Oil on Prevention Ecchymosis and Pain Associated With Subcutaneous Low Molecular Weight Heparin Injection: a Self-controlled Single-blind Study

Important dates

Study start: 2022
Primary completion: 2022
Study completion: 2023
First posted: Apr 16, 2024
Registry last updated: Apr 16, 2024

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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