Effect of Dual Task Exercise on Cognitive and Physical Function in the Elderly With Mild Cognitive Impairment

Participants completed both single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) tests at baseline and post-intervention.

For a ST condition, participants performed motor task only such as Timed up and go (TUG). TUG measured the time of taking to rise from a chair, walking three meters, turning around 180 degrees, walking back to the chair, and sitting down while turning 180 degrees. For a DT condition, participants performed TUG while performing serial 3 simultaneously. Serial 3 is descending subtraction task, where the patient counts down from one hundred by threes. In the DT condition, participants were given no instruction regarding the prioritization of one task over the other. We calculated TUG duration in both conditions. Dual task cost(DTC) were calculated as a percentage as follows: (%DTC) = [dual task duration or speed - single task duration or speed] / [single task duration or speed] * 100%. The lower DTC indicates efficiency in cognitive-motor interplay and good dual task ability.

Participants completed both single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) tests at baseline and post-intervention.

For a ST condition, participants performed motor task only such as 10-meter walking test (10MWT). 10MWT is a performance measure used to assess walking speed over a short distance. For a DT condition, participants performed 10MWT while performing serial 3 simultaneously. Serial 3 is descending subtraction task, where the patient counts down from one hundred by threes. In the DT condition, participants were given no instruction regarding the prioritization of one task over the other. We calculated 10MWT gait speed in both conditions. Dual task cost(DTC) were calculated as a percentage as follows: (%DTC) = [dual task duration or speed - single task duration or speed] / [single task duration or speed] * 100%. The lower DTC indicates efficiency in cognitive-motor interplay and good dual task ability.

Participants completed both single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) tests at baseline and post-intervention.

For a ST condition, participants performed motor task only such as Timed up and go (TUG). TUG measured the time of taking to rise from a chair, walking three meters, turning around 180 degrees, walking back to the chair, and sitting down while turning 180 degrees. For a DT condition, participants performed TUG while performing serial 3 simultaneously. Serial 3 is descending subtraction task, where the patient counts down from one hundred by threes. In the DT condition, participants were given no instruction regarding the prioritization of one task over the other. We calculated TUG duration in both conditions. Dual task cost(DTC) were calculated as a percentage as follows: (%DTC) = [dual task duration or speed - single task duration or speed] / [single task duration or speed] * 100%. The lower DTC indicates efficiency in cognitive-motor interplay and good dual task ability.

Participants completed both single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) tests at baseline and post-intervention.

For a ST condition, participants performed motor task only such as 10-meter walking test (10MWT). 10MWT is a performance measure used to assess walking speed over a short distance. For a DT condition, participants performed 10MWT while performing serial 3 simultaneously. Serial 3 is descending subtraction task, where the patient counts down from one hundred by threes. In the DT condition, participants were given no instruction regarding the prioritization of one task over the other. We calculated 10MWT gait speed in both conditions. Dual task cost(DTC) were calculated as a percentage as follows: (%DTC) = [dual task duration or speed - single task duration or speed] / [single task duration or speed] * 100%. The lower DTC indicates efficiency in cognitive-motor interplay and good dual task ability.

MoCA-K is a screening test to assess cognitive functions such as attention, concentration, execution, memory, vocabulary, visual space, abstraction, and calculation. MoCA-K is a test for mild cognitive impairment and it takes about 10 minutes to run. It assesses cognitive functions such as attention, concentration, execution, memory, vocabulary, visual space, abstraction, calculation and support. Of a maximum 30 points, a score of 25 or higher is considered normal.

MoCA-K is a screening test to assess cognitive functions such as attention, concentration, execution, memory, vocabulary, visual space, abstraction, and calculation. MoCA-K is a test for mild cognitive impairment and it takes about 10 minutes to run. It assesses cognitive functions such as attention, concentration, execution, memory, vocabulary, visual space, abstraction, calculation and support. Of a maximum 30 points, a score of 25 or higher is considered normal.

K-MMSE is a screening test for dementia that can evaluate various areas of cognitive function in a short time of 5 to 10 minutes such as time orientation, place orientation, memory, attention and calculation, understanding and judgment, and language. Of a maximum 30 points, a score of less than 24 is considered dementia.

K-MMSE is a screening test for dementia that can evaluate various areas of cognitive function in a short time of 5 to 10 minutes such as time orientation, place orientation, memory, attention and calculation, understanding and judgment, and language. Of a maximum 30 points, a score of less than 24 is considered dementia.

Computerized cognitive test is a test method which quantitatively measures patients' cognitive problems in a systematic and standardized manner using a computer. Various neurocognitive function tests such as attention, memory, memory-motor coordination, and comprehensive cognitive thinking ability are possible through computerized cognitive test. Card sorting test, digit span test, visual learning test, verbal learning test, and Stroop word color test were conducted for precise cognitive function evaluation.

Computerized cognitive test is a test method which quantitatively measures patients' cognitive problems in a systematic and standardized manner using a computer. Various neurocognitive function tests such as attention, memory, memory-motor coordination, and comprehensive cognitive thinking ability are possible through computerized cognitive test. Card sorting test, digit span test, visual learning test, verbal learning test, and Stroop word color test were conducted for precise cognitive function evaluation.

SPPB is a group of measures that combines the results of the gait speed, chair stand and balance tests. It has been used as a predictive tool for possible disability and can aid in the monitoring of function in older people . The scores range from 0 (worst performance) to 12 (best performance).

SPPB is a group of measures that combines the results of the gait speed, chair stand and balance tests. It has been used as a predictive tool for possible disability and can aid in the monitoring of function in older people . The scores range from 0 (worst performance) to 12 (best performance).

BBS is an evaluation tool designed to measure the balance of the elderly and consists of 56 points in 14 items that apply daily life movements. It is a measure to objectively evaluate static and dynamic balance ability in various postures such as sitting, standing, and posture change. Higher score means well balance function.

BBS is an evaluation tool designed to measure the balance of the elderly and consists of 56 points in 14 items that apply daily life movements. It is a measure to objectively evaluate static and dynamic balance ability in various postures such as sitting, standing, and posture change. Higher score means well balance function.

FES is a questionnaire that evaluates the confidence to perform the activities without falling from the 10 activities. Higher score means good function.

FES is a questionnaire that evaluates the confidence to perform the activities without falling from the 10 activities. Higher score means good function.

ABC consists of 16 surveys and it evaluates level of self-confidence in doing the activity without losing balance or becoming unsteady by choosing one of the percentage points on the scale from 0% to 100%.

ABC consists of 16 surveys and it evaluates level of self-confidence in doing the activity without losing balance or becoming unsteady by choosing one of the percentage points on the scale from 0% to 100%.

Grip strength was measured by hand dynamometer for evaluating muscle strength. It is measured using pound(lb).

Grip strength was measured by hand dynamometer for evaluating muscle strength. It is measured using pound(lb).

K-PASE measures various physical activities of the elderly which are divided into sedentary life, leisure time activities, housework activities, and work-related activities. The score is calculated by multiplying the level and frequency of each activity using the conversion table. Higher score means higher activity.

K-PASE measures various physical activities of the elderly which are divided into sedentary life, leisure time activities, housework activities, and work-related activities. The score is calculated by multiplying the level and frequency of each activity using the conversion table. Higher score means higher activity.

IPAQ Short form consists of 7 surveys and evaluate the degree of physical activity and the time spent on physical activity for one week.

IPAQ Short form consists of 7 surveys and evaluate the degree of physical activity and the time spent on physical activity for one week.

MET minutes per week were evaluated to measure the degree of physical activity before intervention and every week during 8 weeks of intervention. MET minutes per week was calculated based on IPAQ.

MET minutes per week were evaluated to measure the degree of physical activity before intervention and every week during 8 weeks of intervention. MET minutes per week was calculated based on IPAQ.

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis was evaluated using Inbody for changes in body composition before and after intervention. Specifically, body weight, body fat percent, body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle mass, lean mass, fat mass, waist hip ratio were evaluated.

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis was evaluated using Inbody for changes in body composition before and after intervention. Specifically, body weight, body fat percent, body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle mass, lean mass, fat mass, waist hip ratio were evaluated.

Exercise Identity Scale (EIS) is a measure of how important exercise is in daily life

Exercise Identity Scale (EIS) is a measure of how important exercise is in daily life

Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale (PNSE) is an exercise psychological measure consisting of detailed items of self-confidence, autonomy, and belonging related to exercise.

Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale (PNSE) is an exercise psychological measure consisting of detailed items of self-confidence, autonomy, and belonging related to exercise.

Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) is a self-report measure of the frequency of light-intensity, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity. It evaluated how satisfied the participants were with the intervention.

Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) is a self-report measure of the frequency of light-intensity, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity. It evaluated how satisfied the participants were with the intervention.