Effect of Cognitive Stimulating Interventions on Cognitive Self-Efficacy and Sense of Happiness Among Older Adults

The MMS scale was developed by Folestein et al., (1975). It used to assess cognitive function of the older adults. It contained questions concerning registration, orientation, calculation, recall, attention, and language. The MMS scale score was 30 point and classified as follows: -30. -23. -17.

The MMS was translated into Arabic and approved to be valid and reliable (r=0.96) by El Husseini (2008). The Arabic version of this scale was used in the present study.

The Geriatric Depression Scale - short Form (GDS-SF), a self-report tool with 15-item developed by Yesavage et al. (1983) to assess general well-being and depression in the elderly. The older adults should select one answer either yes (1) or no (0) for their feelings over the past week. The scores ranged from 0 to 15. Items' score will be calculated for the total score. A score of 0 to 4 meant no depression, score of 5 to 8 meant mild depression, score of 9 to 11 meant moderate depression, and 12-15 meant severe depression.

The GDS-SF was translated into Arabic and approved to be reliable (r=0.70) and valid by ElHusseini (2013). The Arabic version of this scale was used in the current study.

This tool will be developed by the researchers to assess the cognitive self-efficacy among older adults. It composed of 40 items related to six domains covering six cognitive functions (Everyday Memory, Language, Visuospatial Abilities, Planning, Organization, and Divided attention). Each domain contains several cognitive task related to this domain. Older adults asked to rate how certain they are that they can do each cognitive task. They rate the degree of confidence in their cognitive abitity by recording a number from 0 to 10, next to each statement, where 0 means cannot do at all, 5 moderately certain can do, and 10 indicates highly certain can do.the total score ranges from 0 to 400. The higher the score is the higher cognitive self-efficacy.

The Subjective Happiness Scale is a 4-item scale that developed by Lyubomirsky, et al., (1999) to measure subjective happiness. Each item is completed by choosing one of 7 options that finish a given sentence fragment. The options are different for each of the four questions. Two items ask respondents to characterize themselves using both absolute ratings and ratings relative to peers, whereas the other two items offer brief descriptions of happy and unhappy individuals and ask respondents the extent to which each characterization describes them. The average of the item scores is an overall measure sense of happiness with high scores indicating greater sense of happiness.