Effect of Chewing Gum and Drinking Fennel Tea

Study Sample This parallel, monocenter, randomized controlled experimental study was conducted between January 2018 and April 2018 with the CONSORT guidelines in four maternity units in Türkiye. Inclusion criteria for the study were as follows: Healthy, women who had a cesarean section under general anesthesia, received primary school education at least, did not have a chronic systemic disease, had no problems during pregnancy, had no history of allergy, had a body mass index (BMI) of 18.50-24.99 kg/m2, with no previous abdominal operation, and no complications during the operation.

Participants and Setting After being included in the study, the women were registered as a participant and the study was carried out using opaque sealed envelopes numbered sequentially. The study was carried out with four different groups determined by 22 factorial trial levels. The sample size was determined as a total of 120 participants at 80% power and 95% confidence interval in consideration of the meta-analysis conducted on the data of the subjects. Two different interventions- chewing gum and drinking fennel tea - were conducted in this study.

Intervention Chewing gum group Women in this group chewed sugar-free and non-xylite gum for 15 minutes every two hours (2nd, 4th, and 6th) following the cesarean operation. As a result of their meta-analysis study, a study reported that chewing gum for 15 minutes every two hours until oral intake started bowel sounds in a shorter time. Therefore, in the current study, women chewed gum for 15 minutes every two hours, following two hours after the cesarean operation. The bowel sounds of the women were listened to and their flatulation times were recorded before and after gum chewing for 15 minutes every two hours. When women were allowed oral intake, gum-chewing activity was terminated completely. Data for the first time of flatulation and the bowel sounds were collected by verbally asking women, and these data were recorded in the follow-up form.

Fennel tea group Women in this group started oral intake 6 hours after cesarean delivery and were allowed to drink 2 grams of fennel tea in the 6th, 8th, and 10th hours (a total of 6 grams of fennel tea). Fennel seeds (2 grams) were put into 150 ml water, boiled at a temperature of 100 °C, and left for 20 minutes. Women were then instructed to drink the tea. Bowel sounds were recorded every 2 hours, before and after drinking the fennel tea. The time of the first flatulation and the first bowel sounds were determined by asking the women themselves and this information was then recorded using the study form.

Data collection The amount of fluid taken by the patients was measured with a glass. The amount of urine removed was calculated by checking the patient's bladder. The urinary catheter was removed at the 6th hour.

Ethical Statement The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by Ethics Committees (Protocol No: 09.2017.586). All patients signed informed consents.

Data Analysis Chi-square and Fisher tests were used to compare categorical data. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze and compare the statistical data. A value of p<0.05 was accepted for the statistical significance of the comparisons.

Inclusion criteria

• Without chronic disease
• women who had a cesarean section under general anesthesia
• received primary school education at least
• women had no problems during pregnancy
• who had no history of allergy
• who had a body mass index (BMI) of 18.50-24.99 kg/m2
• no previous abdominal operation
• no complications during the operation.

Exclusion criteria

• age<18 years
• multiparous women
• who had a cesarean section under spinal anesthesia
• spontaneous onset of labor
• who had a chronic systemic disease
• who had problems during pregnancy
• who had any history of allergy
• who had a body mass index (BMI) of <24.99 kg/m2
• who had a previous abdominal operation, and complications during the operation.