Effect of Caloric Content and Timing of Meal on Postprandial Substrate Oxidation and Pulse Wave Analysis

Inclusion criteria

• Males or Females between the ages of 18 and 45 years
• Low risk for medical complications as determined by physical activity readiness questionnaire (PARQ).
• Not currently taking antioxidant supplementation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) in a prescribed manner, antibiotics, steroids, or probiotics.
• Not currently taking any medications for management of cholesterol, diabetes, or body weight/obesity, or are undergoing transgender hormone therapy.
• Not currently pregnant
• No history of disordered eating, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or avoidant restrictive food intake disorder or screened as high risk for disordered eating via validated questionnaire.
• No history of gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or lactose intolerance.
• Considered low risk for food insecurity via the Hunger Vital Sign screener.
• Cannot have followed a ketogenic diet within the last three months or have been told to avoid a high-fat diet by a medical provider due to cardiovascular disease risk.

Exclusion criteria

• Are currently taking any antioxidant supplementation (daily multivitamin not included), prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), antibiotics, steroids, or probiotics.
• Are currently taking any medications for management of cholesterol, diabetes, or body weight/obesity, or are undergoing hormone therapy (oral contraceptives not included).
• Are unwilling or unable to comply with study procedures, at the discretion of the investigators.
• Pregnant women - A urine pregnancy test will be conducted prior to any testing procedures.
• A history of disordered eating, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or avoidant restrictive food intake disorder or deemed high-risk for disordered eating via questionnaire.
• A history of gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or lactose intolerance.
• Deemed high risk for food insecurity via the Hunger Vital Sign screener which is filled out electronically prior to enrollment.
• Have followed a ketogenic diet within the last three months or have been told to avoid a high-fat diet by a medical provider for risk of cardiovascular disease.