Effect of Breakfast or Omission of Breakfast in T2D

In obesity and in type 2 diabetes eating behavior especially the lack of breakfast promote weight gain, increase hunger and carbohydrate craving.

The present study is designed to address whether in T2D, a change in meal timing; specifically, by adding calories, protein and carbohydrates to the breakfast vs.the omission of breakfast will influence the postprandial elevation of glucose, insulin, intact GLP-1, glucagon and free fatty acids (FFA) after subsequent meals at lunch and dinner.

The investigators expect that compared to the day with breakfast condition the day when the breakfast will be omitted the postprandial glucose , free fattly acids, and glucagon response after lunch and dinner will be significative higher while insulin and intact GLP-1 response after lunch and dinner will be reduced

Inclusion criteria

• Type 2 diabetics for < 10yr
• HbA1C: 7-9 %
• BMI: 22 to 35 kg/m2)
• Age: ≥30 and ≤70 years of age
• Habitually eat breakfast
• Naïve or treated with oral antidiabetic drugs and those with anti-hypertensive and lipid-lowering medication
• Those treated with insulin or GLP-1 analogs or having major liver, heart or kidney illnesses will be excluded.
• Usually wake up between 06:00 and 07:00 and go to sleep between 22:00 and 24:00.
• Not dieting and no change in body weight >10 lb = 4.5 kg within the last 6 months
• Stable physical activity pattern during the three months immediately preceding study initiation
• Normal liver and kidney function 12 No metabolic disease other then diabetes

• Usually wakes up between 05:00 and 07:00 and goes to sleep between 22:00 and 24:00.

• Normal TSH and FT4 levels 16. Acceptable health based on interview, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests 17. Those who provide signed informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Type 1 diabetes
• Pulmonary disease, psychiatric, immunological, neoplastic diseases or severe diabetic complications, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, gastroparesis or underwent bariatric surgery.
• Abnormal liver function tests defined as an increase by a factor of at least 2 above the upper normal limit of alanine aminotransferase and/or aspartate
• Anemia (Hg > 10g/dL)
• Serum creatinine level > 1.5 mg/dl
• Pregnant or lactating
• Participating in another dietary program or use of weight-loss medications
• Documented or suspected history (within one year) of illicit drug abuse or alcoholism.
• Use of psychotropic or anoretic medication during the month immediately prior to study onset

13.Work shifts within the last 5 years and did not cross time zones within the last month of the study.