Effect of Air Pollution on the Cognitive Function of Adolescents

This is a measure related to attentiveness that is calculated as hit reaction time standard error for correct responses (HRT-SE).

A higher HRT-SE indicates highly variable reactions during the ANT test that is related to inattentiveness.

A lower HRT-SE indicates indicates consistent reaction times and thus, a better attention performance.

The "Combined risk taking score" measures how willing the person is to take risks and is calculated as 0.4729985 × "Risk preference score" + 0.5270015 × "Willingness to take risks", as defined in Falk et al (2018). The "Combined risk taking score" is a weighted average of two z-scores ("risk preference score" and "willingness to take risks" score), and therefore it can be interpreted as a z-score. The central value of "Combined risk taking score" is 0 and represents the population mean. The higher the values of the "Combined risk taking score", the more willing is the person to take risks. The "Risk preference score" is the final node in the risk tree (see the online appendix of Falk et al (2018)), which is a value between 1 and 32, ranked by the level of risk aversion, which was then transformed to a z-score. The "Willingness to take risks" refers to the answer to the question on one's willingness to take risks, with values from 0 to 10), which was then transformed to a z-score.

The "Combined patience score" measures the patience of the person and is calculated as 0.7115185 × "Time preference score" + 0.2884815 × "Self assessment of patience", as defined in Falk et al (2018). The "Combined patience score" is a weighted average of two z-scores ("time preference score" and "self assessment of patience" score), and therefore it can be interpreted as a z-score. The central value of "Combined patience score" is 0 and represents the population mean. The higher the values of the "Combined patience score" the more patience the person has. The "Time preference score" was obtained from the final node in the time tree (see the online appendix of Falk et al (2018)), which is a value between 1 and 32, ranked by the level of patience, which was then transformed to a z-score. The "Self assessment of patience" score refers to the answer to the question on the self-assessment of patience, with values from 0 to 10, which was then transformed to a z-score.

The "Positive reciprocity score" measures positive reciprocity. A person with high reciprocity agrees with the statement "When someone does me a favor, I am willing to return it". The score is calculated as 0.4847038 × "Willingness to return favor" + 0.5152962 × "Size of gift", as defined in Falk et al (2018). The "Positive reciprocity score" is a weighted average of two z-scores ("willingness to return a favor" score and "size of gift" score), and therefore it can be interpreted as a z-score, with the central value of 0 representing the population mean. Higher values of the score imply more positive reciprocity. "Willingness to return favor" refers to the answer to the question on the willingness to return a favor, ranked from 0 to 10 and then transformed to a z-score. "Size of gift" refers to the answer to the question on the reported size of the gift that would return to a stranger, from a list of 7 possible values (from 0 to 30€, by 5€ steps), then transformed to a z-score.

The "Altruism score" measures the altruism of a person and is calculated as 0.6350048 × "Willingness to give to good causes" + 0.3649952 × "Hypothetical donation", as defined in Falk et al (2018). The "Altruism score" is a weighted average of two z-scores ("willingness to give to good causes" score and "hypothetical donation" score), and therefore it can be interpreted as a z-score, with the central value of 0 representing the population mean. Higher values of the score imply more altruism. "Willingness to give to good causes" refers to the answer to the question on the willingness to give to good causes, ranked from 0 to 10 and then transformed to a z-score. "Hypothetical donation" refers to the answer to the question on the size of the hypothetical donation one would be willing to make, transformed to a z-score.

Answer to the question "I assume that people have only the best intentions", which is ranked from 0 to 10. Higher values imply more trust.

Number of incorrect responses (responses made in the opposite direction to the direction of the target arrow) Lower score indicates a better attention performance. Total range score: 0-38.

Number of omission errors (failure to respond) Lower score indicates a better attention performance Total range score: 0-21. Higher values represent a worse outcome

Alerting represents the ability to maintain a state of high vigilance to incoming stimuli It is calculated by subtracting the median reaction time for double cue from median reaction time for the no cue condition (calculations performed after removing the incongruent trials). A lower score indicates a better attention performance

Orienting is the ability to select information and it is calculated by subtracting the median reaction time for spatial cue from the reaction time for central cue (calculations performed after removing the incongruent trials).A lower score indicates a better attention performance

Conflict generally refers to the ability to monitor and resolve conflict among responses and in this study it is calculated as the median reaction time for each flanker condition (across cue conditions) and subtracting the congruent from the incongruent reaction times. A lower score indicates a better attention performance

Answer to the question on math skills, ranging from 0 to 10. The higher the score, the better the person feels s/he is doing in math.