Dynamics of Dysbiosis in the Skin and Gut Microbiome of Burn Patients

This is a prospective, observational cohort study conducted at the Burn Institute of Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital. The study aims to characterize temporal changes in the skin and gut microbiome of burn patients compared with healthy controls and to identify potential links between microbiome dynamics, skin-barrier recovery, and systemic immune responses.

A total of 660 participants will be enrolled, including 600 burn patients and 60 healthy controls. Burn patients will be followed longitudinally for 24 months, with sample collection and clinical measurements performed at baseline (within 7 days after hospital admission), 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after injury. Healthy controls will provide single-timepoint samples for comparison.

Sample Collection Skin Microbiome: Swabs will be collected from burned scars and matched non-burned skin sites.

Gut Microbiome: Stool samples will be collected for 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing.

Skin Physiological Measurements: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration, erythema, melanin index, elasticity, and pH levels will be measured using standardized instruments (Corneometer®, Tewameter®, Mexameter®, Cutometer®, and pH meter).

Blood Biomarkers: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and other systemic inflammatory markers will be analyzed.

Microbiome Profiling DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing will be performed using Illumina sequencing platforms. Bioinformatic processing will be conducted using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology 2 (QIIME2) pipeline. Functional prediction of microbial metabolic pathways will be analyzed with Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 2 (PICRUSt2). Beta diversity and alpha diversity indices will be calculated, and taxonomic differences between groups will be assessed using Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe).

Clinical Relevance Microbiome dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) after burn injury may extend beyond local wounds and affect non-burned skin and the gut, contributing to impaired skin-barrier function, immune dysregulation, and delayed recovery. Understanding these relationships may help develop microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions, improve wound healing, and optimize long-term patient care.

Inclusion criteria

• Adults aged 19 to 65 years
• Patients with partial- or full-thickness burns whose wounds have completely healed following debridement, grafting, or conservative treatment
• Ability to understand study objectives and provide written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Use of systemic or topical antibiotics, probiotics, steroids, or immunosuppressants within 2 weeks prior to sample collection
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• Chronic skin diseases (e.g., psoriasis, eczema) or systemic illnesses affecting the skin microbiome
• Active infections at the sampling site
• Any medical condition judged by the investigator to make participation inappropriate